Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2407-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2407-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 May 2024
Research article |
| 16 May 2024
| 16 May 2024
Reconstructing dynamics of the Baltic Ice Stream Complex during deglaciation of the Last Scandinavian Ice Sheet
Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 62-712, Poland
Jakub Z. Kalita
Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 62-712, Poland
Christiaan R. Diemont
Department of Geography, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S10 2NT, UK
Stephen J. Livingstone
Department of Geography, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S10 2NT, UK
Chris D. Clark
Department of Geography, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S10 2NT, UK
Martin Margold
Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
Related authors
Izabela Szuman, Jakub Z. Kalita, Marek W. Ewertowski, Chris D. Clark, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Leszek Kasprzak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4635–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Ice Stream Complex was the most prominent ice stream of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet, controlling ice sheet drainage and collapse. Our mapping effort, based on a lidar DEM, resulted in a dataset containing 5461 landforms over an area of 65 000 km2, which allows for reconstruction of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet extent and dynamics from the Middle Weichselian ice sheet advance, 50–30 ka, through the Last Glacial Maximum, 25–21 ka, and Young Baltic advances, 18–15 ka.
Sophie L. Norris, Martin Margold, David J. A. Evans, Nigel Atkinson, and Duane G. Froese
The Cryosphere, 18, 1533–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Associated with climate change between the Last Glacial Maximum and the current interglacial period, we reconstruct the behaviour of the southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered the Canadian Prairies, using detailed landform mapping. Our reconstruction depicts three shifts in the ice sheet’s dynamics. We suggest these changes resulted from ice sheet thinning triggered by abrupt climatic change. However, we show that regional lithology and topography also play an important role.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Christopher D. Clark, Carla Huynh, Sharman Jones, Jeremy C. Ely, Sarah L. Bradley, Christiaan Diemont, and Anna L. C. Hughes
Clim. Past, 20, 701–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-701-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-701-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Projecting the future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet is key. However, it is still under the influence of past climate changes that occurred over thousands of years. This makes calibrating projection models against current knowledge of its past evolution (not yet achieved) important. To help with this, we produced a new Greenland-wide reconstruction of ice sheet extent by gathering all published studies dating its former retreat and by mapping its past margins at the ice sheet scale.
Benjamin J. Stoker, Helen E. Dulfer, Chris R. Stokes, Victoria H. Brown, Christopher D. Clark, Colm Ó Cofaigh, David J. A. Evans, Duane Froese, Sophie L. Norris, and Martin Margold
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-137, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-137, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The retreat of the northwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet allows us to investigate how the ice drainage network evolves over millennial timescales and understand the influence of climate forcing, glacial lakes, and the underlying geology on the rate of deglaciation. We reconstruct the changes in ice flow at 500-year intervals and identify rapid reorganisations of the drainage network, including variations in ice streaming that we link to climatically-driven changes in the ice sheet surface slope.
Lauren D. Rawlins, David M. Rippin, Andrew J. Sole, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Kang Yang
The Cryosphere, 17, 4729–4750, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4729-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4729-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We map and quantify surface rivers and lakes at Humboldt Glacier to examine seasonal evolution and provide new insights of network configuration and behaviour. A widespread supraglacial drainage network exists, expanding up the glacier as seasonal runoff increases. Large interannual variability affects the areal extent of this network, controlled by high- vs. low-melt years, with late summer network persistence likely preconditioning the surface for earlier drainage activity the following year.
Yubin Fan, Chang-Qing Ke, Xiaoyi Shen, Yao Xiao, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Andrew J. Sole
The Cryosphere, 17, 1775–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used the new-generation ICESat-2 altimeter to detect and monitor active subglacial lakes in unprecedented spatiotemporal detail. We created a new inventory of 18 active subglacial lakes as well as their elevation and volume changes during 2019–2020, which provides an improved understanding of how the Greenland subglacial water system operates and how these lakes are fed by water from the ice surface.
Benjamin J. Stoker, Martin Margold, John C. Gosse, Alan J. Hidy, Alistair J. Monteath, Joseph M. Young, Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Sophie L. Norris, and Duane Froese
The Cryosphere, 16, 4865–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the largest ice sheet to grow and disappear in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation. In northwestern Canada, it covered the Mackenzie Valley, blocking the migration of fauna and early humans between North America and Beringia and altering the drainage systems. We reconstruct the timing of ice sheet retreat in this region and the implications for the migration of early humans into North America, the drainage of glacial lakes, and past sea level rise.
Camilla M. Rootes and Christopher D. Clark
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial trimlines are visible breaks in vegetation or landforms that mark the former extent of glaciers. They are often observed as faint lines running across valley sides and are useful for mapping the three-dimensional shape of former glaciers or for assessing by how much present-day glaciers have thinned and retreated. Here we present the first application of a new trimline classification scheme to a case study location in central western Spitsbergen, Svalbard.
Peter A. Tuckett, Jeremy C. Ely, Andrew J. Sole, James M. Lea, Stephen J. Livingstone, Julie M. Jones, and J. Melchior van Wessem
The Cryosphere, 15, 5785–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes form on the surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the summer. These lakes can generate further melt, break up floating ice shelves and alter ice dynamics. Here, we describe a new automated method for mapping surface lakes and apply our technique to the Amery Ice Shelf between 2005 and 2020. Lake area is highly variable between years, driven by large-scale climate patterns. This technique will help us understand the role of Antarctic surface lakes in our warming world.
Izabela Szuman, Jakub Z. Kalita, Marek W. Ewertowski, Chris D. Clark, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Leszek Kasprzak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4635–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Ice Stream Complex was the most prominent ice stream of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet, controlling ice sheet drainage and collapse. Our mapping effort, based on a lidar DEM, resulted in a dataset containing 5461 landforms over an area of 65 000 km2, which allows for reconstruction of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet extent and dynamics from the Middle Weichselian ice sheet advance, 50–30 ka, through the Last Glacial Maximum, 25–21 ka, and Young Baltic advances, 18–15 ka.
Jean Vérité, Édouard Ravier, Olivier Bourgeois, Stéphane Pochat, Thomas Lelandais, Régis Mourgues, Christopher D. Clark, Paul Bessin, David Peigné, and Nigel Atkinson
The Cryosphere, 15, 2889–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subglacial bedforms are commonly used to reconstruct past glacial dynamics and investigate processes occuring at the ice–bed interface. Using analogue modelling and geomorphological mapping, we demonstrate that ridges with undulating crests, known as subglacial ribbed bedforms, are ubiquitous features along ice stream corridors. These bedforms provide a tantalizing glimpse into (1) the former positions of ice stream margins, (2) the ice lobe dynamics and (3) the meltwater drainage efficiency.
Emma L. M. Lewington, Stephen J. Livingstone, Chris D. Clark, Andrew J. Sole, and Robert D. Storrar
The Cryosphere, 14, 2949–2976, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We map visible traces of subglacial meltwater flow across Keewatin, Canada. Eskers are commonly observed to form within meltwater corridors up to a few kilometres wide, and we interpret different traces to have formed as part of the same integrated drainage system. In our proposed model, we suggest that eskers record the imprint of a central conduit while meltwater corridors represent the interaction with the surrounding distributed drainage system.
Stephen J. Livingstone, Emma L. M. Lewington, Chris D. Clark, Robert D. Storrar, Andrew J. Sole, Isabelle McMartin, Nico Dewald, and Felix Ng
The Cryosphere, 14, 1989–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We map series of aligned mounds (esker beads) across central Nunavut, Canada. Mounds are interpreted to have formed roughly annually as sediment carried by subglacial rivers is deposited at the ice margin. Chains of mounds are formed as the ice retreats. This high-resolution (annual) record allows us to constrain the pace of ice retreat, sediment fluxes, and the style of drainage through time. In particular, we suggest that eskers in general record a composite signature of ice-marginal drainage.
Stephen J. Livingstone, Andrew J. Sole, Robert D. Storrar, Devin Harrison, Neil Ross, and Jade Bowling
The Cryosphere, 13, 2789–2796, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2789-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2789-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We report three new subglacial lakes close to the ice sheet margin of West Greenland. The lakes drained and refilled once each between 2009 and 2017, with two lakes draining in < 1 month during August 2014 and August 2015. The 2015 drainage caused a ~ 1-month down-glacier slowdown in ice flow and flooded the foreland, significantly modifying the braided river and depositing up to 8 m of sediment. These subglacial lakes offer accessible targets for future investigations and exploration.
Jeremy C. Ely, Chris D. Clark, David Small, and Richard C. A. Hindmarsh
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 933–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-933-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-933-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
During the last 2.6 million years, the Earth's climate has cycled between cold glacials and warm interglacials, causing the growth and retreat of ice sheets. These ice sheets can be independently reconstructed using numerical models or from dated evidence that they leave behind (e.g. sediments, boulders). Here, we present a tool for comparing numerical model simulations with dated ice-sheet material. We demonstrate the utility of this tool by applying it to the last British–Irish ice sheet.
Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Jeremy C. Ely, Christopher D. Clark, David M. Hodgson, Victoria Lee, Tom Bradwell, and Ruza F. Ivanovic
The Cryosphere, 12, 3635–3651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the deglaciation of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet as a valuable case to examine the processes of contemporary ice sheet change, using an ice sheet model to simulate the Minch Ice Stream. We find that ice shelves were a control on retreat and that the Minch Ice Stream was vulnerable to the same marine mechanisms which threaten the future of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This demonstrates the importance of marine processes when projecting the future of our contemporary ice sheets.
Thomas Lelandais, Édouard Ravier, Stéphane Pochat, Olivier Bourgeois, Christopher Clark, Régis Mourgues, and Pierre Strzerzynski
The Cryosphere, 12, 2759–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Scattered observations suggest that subglacial meltwater routes drive ice stream dynamics and ice sheet stability. We use a new experimental approach to reconcile such observations into a coherent story connecting ice stream life cycles with subglacial hydrology and bed erosion. Results demonstrate that subglacial flooding, drainage reorganization, and valley development can control an ice stream lifespan, thus opening new perspectives on subglacial processes controlling ice sheet instabilities.
Christopher N. Williams, Stephen L. Cornford, Thomas M. Jordan, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Martin J. Siegert, Christopher D. Clark, Darrel A. Swift, Andrew Sole, Ian Fenty, and Jonathan L. Bamber
The Cryosphere, 11, 363–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-363-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-363-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of ice sheet bed topography and surrounding sea floor bathymetry is integral to the understanding of ice sheet processes. Existing elevation data products for Greenland underestimate fjord bathymetry due to sparse data availability. We present a new method to create physically based synthetic fjord bathymetry to fill these gaps, greatly improving on previously available datasets. This will assist in future elevation product development until further observations become available.
Stephen J. Livingstone and Chris D. Clark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 567–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-567-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-567-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped and analysed nearly 2000 large valleys that were formed by meltwater flowing under a former ice sheet. Our results demonstrate that valleys tend to cluster together in distinctive networks. The valleys themselves are typically < 20 km long, and 0.5–3 km wide, and their morphology is strongly influenced by local bed conditions (e.g. topography) and hydrology. We suggest valleys formed gradually, with secondary contributions from flood drainage of water stored on top of or under the ice.
Julien Seguinot, Irina Rogozhina, Arjen P. Stroeven, Martin Margold, and Johan Kleman
The Cryosphere, 10, 639–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-639-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-639-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model based on approximated ice flow physics and calibrated against field-based evidence to present numerical simulations of multiple advance and retreat phases of the former Cordilleran ice sheet in North America during the last glacial cycle (120 000 to 0 years before present).
H. Patton, A. Hubbard, T. Bradwell, N. F. Glasser, M. J. Hambrey, and C. D. Clark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 1, 53–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-1-53-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-1-53-2013, 2013
S. J. Livingstone, C. D. Clark, J. Woodward, and J. Kingslake
The Cryosphere, 7, 1721–1740, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1721-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1721-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Ice sheets | Subject: Ice Sheets
Probabilistic projections of the Amery Ice Shelf catchment, Antarctica, under high ice-shelf basal melt conditions
Assessing the potential for ice flow piracy between the Totten and Vanderford glaciers, East Antarctica
Stagnant ice and age modelling in the Dome C region, Antarctica
Polar firn properties in Greenland and Antarctica and related effects on microwave brightness temperatures
A model of the weathering crust and microbial activity on an ice-sheet surface
PISM-LakeCC: Implementing an adaptive proglacial lake boundary in an ice sheet model
Remapping of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance anomalies for large ensemble sea-level change projections
Brief communication: On calculating the sea-level contribution in marine ice-sheet models
A simple stress-based cliff-calving law
Scaling of instability timescales of Antarctic outlet glaciers based on one-dimensional similitude analysis
A statistical fracture model for Antarctic ice shelves and glaciers
Modelled fracture and calving on the Totten Ice Shelf
Sanket Jantre, Matthew J. Hoffman, Nathan M. Urban, Trevor Hillebrand, Mauro Perego, Stephen Price, and John D. Jakeman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1677, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1677, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate potential sea-level rise from Antarctica's Lambert Glacier, previously thought stable but now at risk from ocean warming by 2100. Combining statistical methods with limited supercomputer simulations, we calibrated our ice-sheet model using three observables. We find that under high greenhouse gas emissions, glacier retreat could raise sea levels by 46 to 133 mm by 2300. This study highlights the need to improve observations to reduce uncertainty in ice-sheet model projections.
Felicity S. McCormack, Jason L. Roberts, Bernd Kulessa, Alan Aitken, Christine F. Dow, Lawrence Bird, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Katharina Hochmuth, Richard S. Jones, Andrew N. Mackintosh, and Koi McArthur
The Cryosphere, 17, 4549–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in Antarctic surface elevation can cause changes in ice and basal water flow, impacting how much ice enters the ocean. We find that ice and basal water flow could divert from the Totten to the Vanderford Glacier, East Antarctica, under only small changes in the surface elevation, with implications for estimates of ice loss from this region. Further studies are needed to determine when this could occur and if similar diversions could occur elsewhere in Antarctica due to climate change.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Daniel Steinhage, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Marie G. P. Cavitte, David A. Lilien, Veit Helm, Drew Taylor, Prasad Gogineni, Catherine Ritz, Massimo Frezzotti, Charles O'Neill, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 3461–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined a numerical model with radar measurements in order to determine the age of ice in the Dome C region of Antarctica. Our results show that at the current ice core drilling sites on Little Dome C, the maximum age of the ice is almost 1.5 Ma. We also highlight a new potential drill site called North Patch with ice up to 2 Ma. Finally, we explore the nature of a stagnant ice layer at the base of the ice sheet which has been independently observed and modelled but is not well understood.
Haokui Xu, Brooke Medley, Leung Tsang, Joel T. Johnson, Kenneth C. Jezek, Macro Brogioni, and Lars Kaleschke
The Cryosphere, 17, 2793–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2793-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2793-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The density profile of polar ice sheets is a major unknown in estimating the mass loss using lidar tomography methods. In this paper, we show that combing the active radar data and passive radiometer data can provide an estimation of density properties using the new model we implemented in this paper. The new model includes the short and long timescale variations in the firn and also the refrozen layers which are not included in the previous modeling work.
Tilly Woods and Ian J. Hewitt
The Cryosphere, 17, 1967–1987, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1967-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1967-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Solar radiation causes melting at and just below the surface of the Greenland ice sheet, forming a porous surface layer known as the weathering crust. The weathering crust is home to many microbes, and the growth of these microbes is linked to the melting of the weathering crust and vice versa. We use a mathematical model to investigate what controls the size and structure of the weathering crust, the number of microbes within it, and its sensitivity to climate change.
Sebastian Hinck, Evan J. Gowan, Xu Zhang, and Gerrit Lohmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 941–965, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-941-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-941-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Proglacial lakes were pervasive along the retreating continental ice margins after the Last Glacial Maximum. Similarly to the marine ice boundary, interactions at the ice-lake interface impact ice sheet dynamics and mass balance. Previous numerical ice sheet modeling studies did not include a dynamical lake boundary. We describe the implementation of an adaptive lake boundary condition in PISM and apply the model to the glacial retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Heiko Goelzer, Brice P. Y. Noël, Tamsin L. Edwards, Xavier Fettweis, Jonathan M. Gregory, William H. Lipscomb, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 14, 1747–1762, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Future sea-level change projections with process-based ice sheet models are typically driven with surface mass balance forcing derived from climate models. In this work we address the problems arising from a mismatch of the modelled ice sheet geometry with the one used by the climate model. The proposed remapping method reproduces the original forcing data closely when applied to the original geometry and produces a physically meaningful forcing when applied to different modelled geometries.
Heiko Goelzer, Violaine Coulon, Frank Pattyn, Bas de Boer, and Roderik van de Wal
The Cryosphere, 14, 833–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In our ice-sheet modelling experience and from exchange with colleagues in different groups, we found that it is not always clear how to calculate the sea-level contribution from a marine ice-sheet model. This goes hand in hand with a lack of documentation and transparency in the published literature on how the sea-level contribution is estimated in different models. With this brief communication, we hope to stimulate awareness and discussion in the community to improve on this situation.
Tanja Schlemm and Anders Levermann
The Cryosphere, 13, 2475–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2475-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2475-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a simple stress-based parameterization for cliff calving of ice sheets. According to the resulting increasing dependence of the calving rate on ice thickness, the parameterization might lead to a runaway ice loss in large parts of Greenland and Antarctica.
Anders Levermann and Johannes Feldmann
The Cryosphere, 13, 1621–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1621-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using scaling analysis we propose that the currently observed marine ice-sheet instability in the Amundsen Sea sector might be faster than all other potential instabilities in Antarctica.
Veronika Emetc, Paul Tregoning, Mathieu Morlighem, Chris Borstad, and Malcolm Sambridge
The Cryosphere, 12, 3187–3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3187-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3187-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper includes a model that can be used to predict zones of fracture formation in both floating and grounded ice in Antarctica. We used observations and a statistics-based model to predict fractures in most ice shelves in Antarctica as an alternative to the damage-based approach. We can predict the location of observed fractures with an average success rate of 84% for grounded ice and 61% for floating ice and mean overestimation error of 26% and 20%, respectively.
Sue Cook, Jan Åström, Thomas Zwinger, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, Jamin Stevens Greenbaum, and Richard Coleman
The Cryosphere, 12, 2401–2411, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2401-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2401-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The growth of fractures on Antarctic ice shelves is important because it controls the amount of ice lost as icebergs. We use a model constructed of multiple interconnected blocks to predict the locations where fractures will form on the Totten Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. The results show that iceberg calving is controlled not only by fractures forming near the front of the ice shelf but also by fractures which formed many kilometres upstream.
Cited articles
Ahlmann, H. W., Laurell, E., and Mannerfelt, C.: Det norrländska landskapet, Ymer, 62, 1–50, 1942.
All, T., Flodén, T., and Puura, V.: A complex model of Mesoproteozoic sedimentary and igneous suites in a graben setting north of Gotland, Baltic Sea, GFF, 128, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890601281053, 2006.
Amantov, A., Fjeldskaar, W., and Cathles, L.: Glacial Erosion/Sedimentation of the Baltic Region and the Effect on the Postglacial Uplift, in: The Baltic Sea Basin, edited by: Harff, J., Björck, S., and Hoth, P., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 53–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17220-5_3, 2011.
Batchelor, C. L. and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Ice-sheet grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) on high-latitude continental margins, Mar. Geol., 363, 65–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.02.001, 2015.
Bennett, M. R.: Ice streams as the arteries of an ice sheet: their mechanics, stability and significance, Earth-Sci. Rev., 61, 309–339, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00130-7, 2003.
Björck, S.: A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0–8.0 ka BP, Quatern. Int., 27, 19–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)00057-C, 1995.
Björck, S., Dennegård, B., and Sandgren, P.: The marine stratigraphy of the Hanö Bay, SE Sweden, based on different sediment stratigraphic methods, Geol. Fören. Stock. För., 112, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035899009454774, 1990.
Boulton, G. S. and Clark, C. D.: A highly mobile Laurentide ice sheet revealed by satellite images of glacial lineations, Nature, 346, 813–817, https://doi.org/10.1038/346813a0, 1990.
Boulton, G. S. and Jones, A. S.: Stability of Temperate Ice Caps and Ice Sheets Resting on Beds of Deformable Sediment, J. Glaciol., 24, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000014623, 1979.
Boulton, G. S., Smith, G. D., Jones, A. S., and Newsome, J.: Glacial geology and glaciology of the last mid-latitude ice sheets, J. Geol. Soc., 142, 447–474, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.3.0447, 1985.
Boulton, G. S., Dongelmans, P., Punkari, M., and Broadgate, M.: Palaeoglaciology of an ice sheet through a glacial cycle: the European ice sheet through the Weichselian, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 591–625, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00160-8, 2001.
Boyce, E. S., Motyka, R. J., and Truffer, M.: Flotation and retreat of a lake-calving terminus, Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska, USA, J. Glaciol., 53, 211–224, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202928, 2017.
Catania, G., Hulbe, C., Conway, H., Scambos, T. A., and Raymond, C. F.: Variability in the mass flux of the Ross ice streams, West Antarctica, over the last millennium, J. Glaciol., 58, 741–752, 10.3189/2012JoG11J219, 2012.
Clark, C. D.: Remote Sensing Scales Related To The Frequency Of Natural Variation: An Example From Paleo-ice Flow In Canada, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 28, 503–508, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1990.572932, 1990.
Clark, P. U. and Walder, J. S.: Subglacial drainage, eskers, and deforming beds beneath the Laurentide and Eurasian ice sheets, GSA Bulletin, 106, 304–314, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0304:SDEADB>2.3.CO;2, 1994.
Cuzzone, J. K., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Ullman, D. J., Rinterknecht, V. R., Milne, G. A., Lunkka, J.-P., Wohlfarth, B., Marcott, S. A., and Caffee, M.: Final deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and implications for the Holocene global sea-level budget, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 448, 34–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.019, 2016.
Dewald, N., Livingstone, S. J., and Clark, C. D.: Subglacial meltwater routes of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, J. Maps, 18, 382–396, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2071648, 2022.
Dorokhov, D. V., Dorokhova, E. V., and Sivkov, V. V.: Iceberg and ice-keel ploughmarks on the Gdansk-Gotland Sill (south-eastern Baltic Sea), Geo-Mar. Lett., 38, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-017-0517-3, 2018.
Dowling, T. P. F., Spagnolo, M., and Möller, P.: Morphometry and core type of streamlined bedforms in southern Sweden from high resolution LiDAR, Geomorphology, 236, 54–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.018, 2015.
Eissmann, L.: Rhombenporphyrgeschiebe in Elster und Saalemoränen des Leipziger Raumes, Abh. Ber. Naturkund. Mus. Mauritianum Altenbg., 5, 37–46, 1967.
EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium: EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM), European Marine Observation and Data Network Bathymetry Consortium, https://doi.org/10.12770/ff3aff8a-cff1-44a3-a2c8-1910bf109f85, 2022.
Enquist, F.: Die glaziale Entwicklungsgeschichte Nordwestskandinaviens, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Serie C 285, Kungl. boktryckeriet. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, 1918.
Evans, D. J. A., Dinnage, M., and Roberts, D. H.: Glacial geomorphology of Teesdale, northern Pennines, England: Implications for upland styles of ice stream operation and deglaciation in the British-Irish Ice Sheet, Proc. Geol. Assoc., 129, 697–735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.05.001, 2018.
Favier, L., Pattyn, F., Berger, S., and Drews, R.: Dynamic influence of pinning points on marine ice-sheet stability: a numerical study in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 10, 2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2623-2016, 2016.
Feldens, P., Diesing, M., Wilken, D., and Schwarzer, K.: Submarine eskers preserved on Adler Grund, south-western Baltic Sea, Baltica, 26, 137–144, https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2013.26.14 2013.
Flodén, T., Bjerkéus, M., Endler, R., and Lemke, W.: Cretaceous sedimentary bedrock of the Darss Sill area, southern Baltic Sea, GFF, 118, p. 80, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035899609546381, 1996.
Flodén, T., Bjerkéus, M., Sturkell, E., Gelumbauskaitė, Ž., Grigelis, A., Endler, R., and Lemke, W.: Distribution and seismic stratigraphy of glacially incised valleys in the southern part of the Baltic, Proceedings of the Fourth Marine Geological Conference–the Baltic, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ser. Ca, 86, 43–49, ISBN 9171585532, 1997.
Fowler, A. C. and Johnson, C.: Ice-sheet surging and ice-stream formation, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 68–73, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500013276, 1996.
Frydrych, M.: Morphology of eskers in Poland, southward of the Last Glacial Maximum, Geomorphology, 415, 108418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108418, 2022.
Gandy, N., Gregoire, L. J., Ely, J. C., Cornford, S. L., Clark, C. D., and Hodgson, D. M.: Exploring the ingredients required to successfully model the placement, generation, and evolution of ice streams in the British-Irish Ice Sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 223, 105915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105915, 2019.
Gauthier, M. S., Breckenridge, A., and Hodder, T. J.: Patterns of ice recession and ice stream activity for the MIS 2 Laurentide Ice Sheet in Manitoba, Canada, Boreas, 51, 274–298, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12571, 2022.
Gehrmann, A. and Harding, C.: Geomorphological Mapping and Spatial Analyses of an Upper Weichselian Glacitectonic Complex Based on LiDAR Data, Jasmund Peninsula (NE Rügen), Germany, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8060208, 2018.
Glückert, G.: Map of glacial striation of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the last (Weichsel) glaciation in northern Europe, B. Geol. Soc. Finland, 46, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/46.1.001, 1974.
Greenwood, S. L. and Clark, C. D.: Reconstructing the last Irish Ice Sheet 2: a geomorphologically-driven model of ice sheet growth, retreat and dynamics, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 3101–3123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.014, 2009.
Greenwood, S. L., Clason, C. C., Mikko, H., Nyberg, J., Peterson, G., and Smith, C. A.: Integrated use of LiDAR and multibeam bathymetry reveals onset of ice streaming in the northern Bothnian Sea, GFF, 137, 284–292, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1055513, 2015.
Greenwood, S. L., Clason, C. C., Nyberg, J., Jakobsson, M., and Holmlund, P.: The Bothnian Sea ice stream: early Holocene retreat dynamics of the south-central Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, Boreas, 46, 346–362, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12217, 2016.
Greenwood, S. L., Avery, R. S., Gyllencreutz, R., Regnéll, C., and Tylmann, K.: Footprint of the Baltic Ice Stream: geomorphic evidence for shifting ice stream pathways, Boreas, 53, 4–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12634, 2024.
Gripp, K.: Der Ablauf der Würm-Vereisung in der Senkungszone am Südrand Skandinaviens, Meyniana, 33, 9–22, 1981.
Hall, A. and van Boeckel, M.: Origin of the Baltic Sea basin by Pleistocene glacial erosion, GFF, 142, 237–252, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2020.1781246, 2020.
Hermanowski, P., Piotrowski, J. A., and Szuman, I.: An erosional origin for drumlins of NW Poland, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 2030–2050, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4630, 2019.
Hindmarsh, R. C. A.: Consistent generation of ice-streams via thermo-viscous instabilities modulated by membrane stresses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036877, 2009.
Holmlund, P. and Fastook, J.: A time dependent glaciological model of the Weichselian Ice Sheet, Quatern. Int., 27, 53–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)00060-I, 1995.
Holmström, L.: Öfversikt af den glaciala afslipningen i Sydskandinavien, Geol. Fören. Stock. För., 26, 241–316, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890409445487, 1904.
Houmark-Nielsen, M. and Kjær, K. H.: Southwest Scandinavia, 40–15 kyr BP: palaeogeography and environmental change, J. Quaternary Sci., 18, 769–786, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.802, 2003.
Jakobsson, M., O'Regan, M., Gyllencreutz, R., and Flodén, T.: Seafloor terraces and semi-circular depressions related to fluid discharge in Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea, Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem., 46, 305–306, https://doi.org/10.1144/M46.162, 2016.
Jakobsson, M., Stranne, C., O'Regan, M., Greenwood, S. L., Gustafsson, B., Humborg, C., and Weidner, E.: Bathymetric properties of the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 905–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-905-2019, 2019.
Jakobsson, M., O'Regan, M., Mörth, C.-M., Stranne, C., Weidner, E., Hansson, J., Gyllencreutz, R., Humborg, C., Elfwing, T., Norkko, A., Norkko, J., Nilsson, B., and Sjöström, A.: Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, 2020.
Jensen, J. B.: Late Weichselian deglaciation pattern in the southwestern Baltic: Evidence from glacial deposits off the island of Møn, Denmark, B. Geol. Soc. Denmark, 40, 314–331, 1993.
Jensen, J. B., Moros, M., Endler, R., and Members, I. E.: The Bornholm Basin, southern Scandinavia: a complex history from Late Cretaceous structural developments to recent sedimentation, Boreas, 46, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12194, 2017.
Jögensen, F. and Piotrowski, J. A.: Signature of the Baltic Ice Stream on Funen Island, Denmark during the Weichselian glaciation, Boreas, 32, 242–255, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01440.x, 2003.
Jørgensen, F. and Sandersen, P. B. E.: Buried and open tunnel valleys in Denmark – erosion beneath multiple ice sheets, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 1339-1363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.006, 2006.
Kalm, V.: Ice-flow pattern and extent of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet southeast of the Baltic Sea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 44, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.019, 2012.
Karpin, V., Heinsalu, A., and Virtasalo, J. J.: Late Pleistocene iceberg scouring in the north-eastern Baltic Sea, west of Estonia, Mar. Geol., 438, 106537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106537, 2021.
Kehew, A. E., Piotrowski, J. A., and Jørgensen, F.: Tunnel valleys: Concepts and controversies – A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 113, 33–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.002, 2012.
Kirkham, J. D., Hogan, K. A., Larter, R. D., Arnold, N. S., Ely, J. C., Clark, C. D., Self, E., Games, K., Huuse, M., Stewart, M. A., Ottesen, D., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Tunnel valley formation beneath deglaciating mid-latitude ice sheets: Observations and modelling, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 323, 107680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107680, 2022.
Kjær, K. H., Houmark-Nielsen, M., and Richardt, N.: Ice-flow patterns and dispersal of erratics at the southwestern margin of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet: signature of palaeo-ice streams, Boreas, 32, 130–148, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01434.x, 2003.
Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Borgström, I., and Stroeven, A.: Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a glacial geological inversion model, J. Glaciol., 43, 283–299, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003233, 1997.
Kleman, J., Stroeven, A. P., and Lundqvist, J.: Patterns of Quaternary ice sheet erosion and deposition in Fennoscandia and a theoretical framework for explanation, Geomorphology, 97, 73–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.049, 2008.
Klingberg, F. and Larsson, O.: Maringeologiska undersökningar av erosionsrännor i Kalmarsund, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Rapport 2017, 13, 2017.
Kramarska, R.: Origin and development of the Odra Bank in the light of the geologic structure and radiocarbon dating, Geol. Q., 42, 277–288, 1998.
Lampe, R., Naumann, M., Meyer, H., Janke, W., and Ziekur, R.: Holocene Evolution of the Southern Baltic Sea Coast and Interplay of Sea-Level Variation, Isostasy, Accommodation and Sediment Supply, in: The Baltic Sea Basin, edited by: Harff, J., Björck, S., and Hoth, P., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 233–251, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17220-5_12, 2011.
Larsen, N. K., Knudsen, K. L., Krohn, C. F., Kronborg, C., Murray, A. S., and Nielsen, O. L. E. B.: Late Quaternary ice sheet, lake and sea history of southwest Scandinavia – a synthesis, Boreas, 38, 732–761, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00101.x, 2009.
Larson, G. J., Lawson, D. E., Evenson, E. B., Alley, R. B., Knudsen, Ó., Lachniet, M. S., and Goetz, S. L.: Glaciohydraulic supercooling in former ice sheets?, Geomorphology, 75, 20–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.12.009, 2006.
Lemke, W. and Kuijpers, A.: Late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleogeography of the Darss Sill area, southwestern Baltic, Quatern. Int., 27, 73–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)00063-B, 1995.
Livingstone, S. J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C. R., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Vieli, A., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: Antarctic palaeo-ice streams, Earth-Sci. Rev., 111, 90–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.003, 2012.
Ljunger, E.: Isdelarstudier vid polcirkeln, Geol. För. Stock. För., 65, 198–210, 1943.
Madsen, V.: Om indelingen af de danske kvartærdannelser, Fören, 5, 1–22, 1898.
Margold, M., Jansson, K. N., Kleman, J., Stroeven, A. P., and Clague, J. J.: Retreat pattern of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in central British Columbia at the end of the last glaciation reconstructed from glacial meltwater landforms, Boreas, 42, 830–847, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12007, 2013.
Margold, M., Stokes, C. R., and Clark, C. D.: Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets, Earth-Sci. Rev., 143, 117–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.011, 2015.
Noormets, R. and Flodén, T.: Glacial deposits and Late Weichselian ice-sheet dynamics in the northeastern Baltic Sea, Boreas, 31, 36–56, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01054.x, 2002a.
Noormets, R. and Flodén, T.: Glacial deposits and ice-sheet dynamics in the north-central Baltic Sea during the last deglaciation, Boreas, 31, 362–377, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01080.x, 2002b.
Obst, K., Nachtweide, C., and Müller, U.: Late Saalian and Weichselian glaciations in the German Baltic Sea documented by Pleistocene successions at the southeastern margin of the Arkona Basin, Boreas, 46, 18–33, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12212, 2017.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Winsborrow, M., and Stroeven, A. P.: The build-up, configuration, and dynamical sensitivity of the Eurasian ice-sheet complex to Late Weichselian climatic and oceanic forcing, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 153, 97–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.009, 2016.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Auriac, A., Whitehouse, P. L., Stroeven, A. P., Shackleton, C., Winsborrow, M., Heyman, J., and Hall, A. M.: Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 169, 148–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019, 2017.
Payne, A. J.: Dynamics of the Siple Coast ice streams, west Antarctica: Results from a thermomechanical ice sheet model, Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 3173-3176, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL52327, 1998.
Perini, L., Missiaen, T., Ori, G. G., and de Batist, M.: Seismic stratigraphy of Late Quaternary glacial to marine sediments offshore Bornholm, southern Baltic Sea, Sediment. Geol., 102, 3–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00056-9, 1996.
Poprawa, P., Šliaupa, S., Stephenson, R., and Lazauskien, J.: Late Vendian–Early Palæozoic tectonic evolution of the Baltic Basin: regional tectonic implications from subsidence analysis, Tectonophysics, 314, 219–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00245-0, 1999.
Punkari, M.: Glacial and glaciofluvial deposits in the interlobate areas of the Scandinavian ice sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 16, 741–753, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00020-6, 1997.
Ringberg, B.: Late Weichselian geology of southernmost Sweden, Boreas, 17, 243–263, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1988.tb00554.x, 1988.
Rosentau, A., Bennike, O., Uścinowicz, S., and Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G.: The Baltic Sea Basin, in: Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf, edited by: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A., and Bailey, G. N., 103–133, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118927823.ch5, 2017.
Schäfer, W., Hübscher, C., and Sopher, D.: Seismic stratigraphy of the Klints Bank east of Gotland (Baltic Sea): a giant drumlin sealing thermogenic hydrocarbons, Geo-Mar. Lett., 41, 9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-020-00683-3, 2021.
Smith, M. J. and Clark, C. D.: Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 30, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1210, 2005.
Stephan, H.-J.: The Young Baltic advance in the western Baltic depression, Geol. Q., 45, 359–363, 2001.
Still, H. and Hulbe, C.: Mechanics and dynamics of pinning points on the Shirase Coast, West Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 15, 2647–2665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2647-2021, 2021.
Stokes, C. R.: Geomorphology under ice streams: Moving from form to process, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 43, 85–123, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4259, 2018.
Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B. W., Harbor, J. M., Jansen, J. D., Olsen, L., Caffee, M. W., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G. C., Strömberg, B., and Jansson, K. N.: Deglaciation of Fennoscandia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 147, 91–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016, 2016.
Svendsen, J. I., Alexanderson, H., Astakhov, V. I., Demidov, I., Dowdeswell, J. A., Funder, S., Gataullin, V., Henriksen, M., Hjort, C., Houmark-Nielsen, M., Hubberten, H. W., Ingólfsson, Ó., Jakobsson, M., Kjær, K. H., Larsen, E., Lokrantz, H., Lunkka, J. P., Lyså, A., Mangerud, J., Matiouchkov, A., Murray, A., Möller, P., Niessen, F., Nikolskaya, O., Polyak, L., Saarnisto, M., Siegert, C., Siegert, M. J., Spielhagen, R. F., and Stein, R.: Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 1229–1271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.008, 2004.
Sviridov, N. I. and Emelyanov, E. M.: Lithofacial complexes of quaternary deposits in the central and southeastern baltic sea, Lithol. Miner. Resour., 35, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02821956, 2000.
Szuman, I., Kalita, J. Z., Ewertowski, M. W., Clark, C. D., and Livingstone, S. J.: Dynamics of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet's southernmost sector revealed by the pattern of ice streams, Boreas, 50, 764–780, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12512, 2021.
Tomczak, A.: Geological Structure and Holocene Evolution of the Polish Coastal Zone, J. Coast. Res., 22, 15–31, 1995.
Tuuling, I. and Flodén, T.: The structure and relief of the bedrock sequence in the Gotland-Hiiumaa area, northern Baltic Sea, GFF, 123, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890101231035, 2001.
Tuuling, I. and Flodén, T. O. M.: Silurian reefs off Saaremaa and their extension towards Gotland, central Baltic Sea, Geolog. Mag., 150, 923–936, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756813000101, 2013.
Tuuling, I. and Flodén, T.: The Baltic Klint beneath the central Baltic Sea and its comparison with the North Estonian Klint, Geomorphology, 263, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.03.030, 2016.
Tylmann, K. and Uścinowicz, S.: Timing of the last deglaciation phases in the southern Baltic area inferred from Bayesian age modeling, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 287, 107563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107563, 2022.
Uścinowicz, S.: Southern Baltic area during the last deglaciation Geol. Q., 43, 137–148, 1999.
Uścinowicz, S.: Relative sea level changes, glacio-isostatic rebound and shoreline displacement in the Southern Baltic, Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 10, 1–79, 2003.
Uścinowicz, S.: A relative sea-level curve for the Polish Southern Baltic Sea, Quatern. Int., 145–146, 86–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.07.007, 2006.
Woldstedt, P. and Duphorn, K.: Norddeutschland und angrenzende Gebiete im Eiszeitalter, Stuttgart, ISBN 3874251225, 1974.
Woźniak, P. P. and Czubla, P.: The Late Weichselian glacial record in northern Poland: A new look at debris transport routes by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, Quatern. Int., 386, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.014, 2015.
Zeise, O.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ausbreitung, sowie besonders der Bewegungsrichtung des nordeuropäischen Inlandeises in diluvialer Zeit, Inaugural-Dissertation, Albertus-Universität, Königsberg, Preußen, 1889.
Short summary
A Baltic-wide glacial landform-based map is presented, filling in a geographical gap in the record that has been speculated about by palaeoglaciologists for over a century. Here we used newly available bathymetric data and provide landform evidence of corridors of fast ice flow that we interpret as ice streams. Where previous ice-sheet-scale investigations inferred a single ice source, our mapping identifies flow and ice margin geometries from both Swedish and Bothnian sources.
A Baltic-wide glacial landform-based map is presented, filling in a geographical gap in the...
