Articles | Volume 17, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 11 Jul 2023
| 11 Jul 2023
Underestimation of oceanic carbon uptake in the Arctic Ocean: ice melt as predictor of the sea ice carbon pump
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Katja Fennel
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Eric C. J. Oliver
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Michael D. DeGrandpre
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
Timothée Bourgeois
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Xianmin Hu
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
Youyu Lu
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Adam M. Cook, Youyu Lu, Xianmin Hu, David Brickman, David Hebert, Chantelle Layton, and Gilles Garric
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-14, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean bottom temperatures from a global ocean reanalysis product are found to be consistent with in situ observations on Scotian Shelf. Statistical analysis reveals positive relationship between changes in lobster catch rate and ocean bottom temperature off the southwest coast of Nova Scotia during 2008–2023. A standardized lobster catch rate index with influence of bottom temperature included is more consistent with available stock biomass compared to the index without such influence.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Andy Moore, Stefano Ciavatta, and Katja Fennel
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from single parameterizations of processes to fully explicit representations of several nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, initial and boundary conditions and the lack of observations
Li Zhai, Youyu Lu, Haiyan Wang, Gilles Garric, and Simon Van Gennip
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-17, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Statistics of Marine Heatwaves and Cold Spells in the water column of Northwest Atlantic during 1993–2023 are derived for the first time using a global ocean reanalysis product. On Scotian Shelf temperature and parameters of extreme events present layered structures in the water column, long-term trends and sharp increases around 2012. Quantification of extreme warm (cold) conditions in 2012 (1998) supports previous studies on the impacts of these conditions on several marine life species.
Timothée Bourgeois, Olivier Torres, Friederike Fröb, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Giang T. Tran, Jörg Schwinger, Thomas L. Frölicher, Jean Negrel, David Keller, Andreas Oschlies, Laurent Bopp, and Fortunat Joos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2768, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions significantly impact ocean ecosystems through climate change and acidification, leading to either progressive or abrupt changes. This study maps the crossing of physical and ecological limits for various ocean impact metrics under three emission scenarios. Using Earth system models, we identify when these limits are exceeded, highlighting the urgent need for ambitious climate action to safeguard the world's oceans and ecosystems.
Kyoko Ohashi, Arnaud Laurent, Christoph Renkl, Jinyu Sheng, Katja Fennel, and Eric Oliver
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a modelling system of the northwest Atlantic Ocean that simulates the currents, temperature, salinity, and parts of the biochemical cycle of the ocean, as well as sea ice. The system combines advanced, open-source models and can be used to study, for example, the oceans’ capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide which is a key process in the global climate. The system produces realistic results, and we use it to investigate the roles of tides and sea ice in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Christoph Renkl, Eric C. J. Oliver, and Keith R. Thompson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1489, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mean dynamic topography (MDT), describes variations in the mean sea surface height above a reference surface called geoid. We show that MDT predicted by a regional ocean model, including a significant tilt along the coast of Nova Scotia, is in good agreement with estimates based on sea level observations. We demonstrate that this alongshore tilt of MDT can provide a direct estimate of the average alongshore current, and can also be used to approximate upwelling averaged over an offshore area.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Li-Qing Jiang, Adam V. Subhas, Daniela Basso, Katja Fennel, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides comprehensive guidelines for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) researchers on archiving their metadata and data. It includes data standards for various OAE studies and a universal metadata template. Controlled vocabularies for terms like alkalinization methods are included. These guidelines also apply to ocean acidification data.
Katja Fennel, Matthew C. Long, Christopher Algar, Brendan Carter, David Keller, Arnaud Laurent, Jann Paul Mattern, Ruth Musgrave, Andreas Oschlies, Josiane Ostiguy, Jaime B. Palter, and Daniel B. Whitt
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research. Many of the most pressing OAE-related research questions cannot be addressed by observation alone but will require a combination of skilful models and observations. We present illustrative examples with references to further information; describe limitations, caveats, and future research needs; and provide practical recommendations.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Jean-Philippe Paquin, François Roy, Gregory C. Smith, Sarah MacDermid, Ji Lei, Frédéric Dupont, Youyu Lu, Stephanne Taylor, Simon St-Onge-Drouin, Hauke Blanken, Michael Dunphy, and Nancy Soontiens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-42, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This paper present the Coastal Ice-Ocean Prediction System implemented operationally at Environment and climate change Canada. The objective is to enhance the numerical guidance in coastal areas to support electronic navigation and response to environmental emergencies in the aquatic environment. Model evaluation against observations shows improvements for most surface ocean variables in the coastal system compared to current coarser-resolution operational systems.
Arnaud Laurent, Haiyan Zhang, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5893–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Changjiang is the main terrestrial source of nutrients to the East China Sea (ECS). Nutrient delivery to the ECS has been increasing since the 1960s, resulting in low oxygen (hypoxia) during phytoplankton decomposition in summer. River phosphorus (P) has increased less than nitrogen, and therefore, despite the large nutrient delivery, phytoplankton growth can be limited by the lack of P. Here, we investigate this link between P limitation, phytoplankton production/decomposition, and hypoxia.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Bin Wang, Katja Fennel, and Liuqian Yu
Ocean Sci., 17, 1141–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that even sparse BGC-Argo profiles can substantially improve biogeochemical prediction via a priori model tuning. By assimilating satellite surface chlorophyll and physical observations, subsurface distributions of physical properties and nutrients were improved immediately. The improvement of subsurface chlorophyll was modest initially but was greatly enhanced after adjusting the parameterization for light attenuation through further a priori tuning.
Thomas S. Bianchi, Madhur Anand, Chris T. Bauch, Donald E. Canfield, Luc De Meester, Katja Fennel, Peter M. Groffman, Michael L. Pace, Mak Saito, and Myrna J. Simpson
Biogeosciences, 18, 3005–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Better development of interdisciplinary ties between biology, geology, and chemistry advances biogeochemistry through (1) better integration of contemporary (or rapid) evolutionary adaptation to predict changing biogeochemical cycles and (2) universal integration of data from long-term monitoring sites in terrestrial, aquatic, and human systems that span broad geographical regions for use in modeling.
Jens Terhaar, Olivier Torres, Timothée Bourgeois, and Lester Kwiatkowski
Biogeosciences, 18, 2221–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The uptake of carbon, emitted as a result of human activities, results in ocean acidification. We analyse 21st-century projections of acidification in the Arctic Ocean, a region of particular vulnerability, using the latest generation of Earth system models. In this new generation of models there is a large decrease in the uncertainty associated with projections of Arctic Ocean acidification, with freshening playing a greater role in driving acidification than previously simulated.
Arnaud Laurent, Katja Fennel, and Angela Kuhn
Biogeosciences, 18, 1803–1822, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, and a high-resolution regional model, were evaluated by comparing historical simulations with observations in the northwest North Atlantic, a climate-sensitive and biologically productive ocean margin region. Many of the CMIP models performed poorly for biological properties. There is no clear link between model resolution and skill in the global models, but there is an overall improvement in performance in CMIP6 from CMIP5. The regional model performed best.
Haiyan Zhang, Katja Fennel, Arnaud Laurent, and Changwei Bian
Biogeosciences, 17, 5745–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal seas, low oxygen, which is detrimental to coastal ecosystems, is increasingly caused by man-made nutrients from land. This is especially so near mouths of major rivers, including the Changjiang in the East China Sea. Here a simulation model is used to identify the main factors determining low-oxygen conditions in the region. High river discharge is identified as the prime cause, while wind and intrusions of open-ocean water modulate the severity and extent of low-oxygen conditions.
Laura C. Gillard, Xianmin Hu, Paul G. Myers, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, and Craig M. Lee
The Cryosphere, 14, 2729–2753, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland's glaciers in contact with the ocean drain the majority of the ice sheet (GrIS). Deep troughs along the shelf branch into fjords, connecting glaciers with ocean waters. The heat from the ocean entering deep troughs may then accelerate the mass loss. Onshore heat transport through troughs was investigated with an ocean model. Processes that drive the delivery of ocean heat respond differently by region to increasing GrIS meltwater, mean circulation, and filtering out of storms.
Christopher Gordon, Katja Fennel, Clark Richards, Lynn K. Shay, and Jodi K. Brewster
Biogeosciences, 17, 4119–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method for correcting errors in oxygen optode measurements on autonomous platforms in the ocean. The errors result from the relatively slow response time of the sensor. The correction method includes an in situ determination of the effective response time and requires the time stamps of the individual measurements. It is highly relevant for the BGC-Argo program and also applicable to gliders. We also explore if diurnal changes in oxygen can be obtained from profiling floats.
Bin Wang, Katja Fennel, Liuqian Yu, and Christopher Gordon
Biogeosciences, 17, 4059–4074, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess trade-offs between different types of biological observations, specifically satellite ocean color and BGC-Argo profiles and the benefits of combining both for optimizing a biogeochemical model of the Gulf of Mexico. Using all available observations leads to significant improvements in observed and unobserved variables (including primary production and C export). Our results highlight the significant benefits of BGC-Argo measurements for biogeochemical model optimization and validation.
Fabian Große, Katja Fennel, Haiyan Zhang, and Arnaud Laurent
Biogeosciences, 17, 2701–2714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the East China Sea, hypoxia occurs frequently from spring to fall due to high primary production and subsequent decomposition of organic matter. Nitrogen inputs from the Changjiang and the open ocean have been suggested to contribute to hypoxia formation. We used a numerical modelling approach to quantify the relative contributions of these nitrogen sources. We found that the Changjiang dominates, which suggests that nitrogen management in the watershed would improve oxygen conditions.
Liuqian Yu, Katja Fennel, Bin Wang, Arnaud Laurent, Keith R. Thompson, and Lynn K. Shay
Ocean Sci., 15, 1801–1814, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1801-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1801-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first direct comparison of nonidentical versus identical twin approaches for an ocean data assimilation system. We show that the identical twin approach overestimates the value of assimilating satellite observations and undervalues the benefit of assimilating temperature and salinity profiles. Misleading assessments such as undervaluing the impact of observational assets are problematic and can lead to misguided decisions on balancing investments among different observing assets.
Hakase Hayashida, James R. Christian, Amber M. Holdsworth, Xianmin Hu, Adam H. Monahan, Eric Mortenson, Paul G. Myers, Olivier G. J. Riche, Tessa Sou, and Nadja S. Steiner
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1965–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice algae, the primary producer in sea ice, play a fundamental role in shaping marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling of key elements in polar regions. In this study, we developed a process-based numerical model component representing sea-ice biogeochemistry for a sea ice–ocean coupled general circulation model. The model developed can be used to simulate the projected changes in sea-ice ecosystems and biogeochemistry in response to on-going rapid decline of the Arctic.
Katja Fennel, Simone Alin, Leticia Barbero, Wiley Evans, Timothée Bourgeois, Sarah Cooley, John Dunne, Richard A. Feely, Jose Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Xinping Hu, Steven Lohrenz, Frank Muller-Karger, Raymond Najjar, Lisa Robbins, Elizabeth Shadwick, Samantha Siedlecki, Nadja Steiner, Adrienne Sutton, Daniela Turk, Penny Vlahos, and Zhaohui Aleck Wang
Biogeosciences, 16, 1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We review and synthesize available information on coastal ocean carbon fluxes around North America (NA). There is overwhelming evidence, compiled and discussed here, that the NA coastal margins act as a sink. Our synthesis shows the great diversity in processes driving carbon fluxes in different coastal regions, highlights remaining gaps in observations and models, and discusses current and anticipated future trends with respect to carbon fluxes and acidification.
Angela M. Kuhn, Katja Fennel, and Ilana Berman-Frank
Biogeosciences, 15, 7379–7401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies demonstrate that marine N2 fixation can be carried out without light. However, direct measurements of N2 fixation in dark environments are relatively scarce. This study uses a model that represents biogeochemical cycles at a deep-ocean location in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Different model versions are used to test assumptions about N2 fixers. Relaxing light limitation for marine N2 fixers improved the similarity between model results and observations of deep nitrate and oxygen.
Krysten Rutherford and Katja Fennel
Ocean Sci., 14, 1207–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1207-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1207-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves, we calculate transport timescales and pathways in order to understand the transport processes that underlie the rapid oxygen loss, air–sea CO2 flux, and supply of plankton seed populations on the Scotian Shelf. Study results highlight the limited connectivity between the Scotian Shelf and adjacent slope waters; instead, the dominant southwestward currents bring Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence waters to the Scotian Shelf.
Katja Fennel and Arnaud Laurent
Biogeosciences, 15, 3121–3131, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3121-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3121-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing human-derived nutrient inputs to coastal oceans lead to spreading dead zones around the world. Here a biogeochemical model for the northern Gulf of Mexico, where nutrients from the Mississippi River create the largest dead zone in North American coastal waters, is used for the first time to show the effects of single and dual nutrient reductions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Significant reductions in N or N&P load would be required to significantly reduce hypoxia in this system.
Jonathan Lemay, Helmuth Thomas, Susanne E. Craig, William J. Burt, Katja Fennel, and Blair J. W. Greenan
Biogeosciences, 15, 2111–2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2111-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2111-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the impact of Hurricane Arthur on the CO2 cycling on the Scotian Shelf. We can show that in contrast to common thinking, the deepening of the surface during the summer months can lead to increased CO2 uptake as carbon-poor waters from subsurface water are brought up to the surface. Only during prolonged storm events is the deepening of the mixed layer strong enough to bring the (expected) carbon-rich water to the surface.
Xianmin Hu, Jingfan Sun, Ting On Chan, and Paul G. Myers
The Cryosphere, 12, 1233–1247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the sea ice thickness simulation in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago region using 1/4 and 1/12 degree NEMO LIM2 configurations. Model resolution dose not play a significant role. Relatively smaller thermodynamic contribution in the winter season is found in the thick ice covered areas, with larger contributions in the thin ice covered regions. No significant trend in winter maximum ice volume is found in the northern CAA and Baffin Bay but a decline is simulated within Parry Channel.
Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Paul G. Myers, Xianmin Hu, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the fall of 2014, the upwelling of water from the deep Canada Basin brought water onto the shallower Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. This increased the concentration of CO2 in water on the shelf, which alters pH and changes the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. These findings were a combined result of water sampling for CO2 parameters and the use of a computer model that simulates water movement in the ocean.
Julia M. Moriarty, Courtney K. Harris, Katja Fennel, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Kehui Xu, and Christophe Rabouille
Biogeosciences, 14, 1919–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1919-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1919-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal aquatic environments, resuspension of sediment and organic material from the seabed into the overlying water can impact biogeochemistry. Here, we used a novel modeling approach to quantify this impact for the Rhône River delta. In the model, resuspension increased oxygen consumption during individual resuspension events, and when results were averaged over 2 months. This implies that observations and models that only represent calm conditions may underestimate net oxygen consumption.
Zuo Xue, Ruoying He, Katja Fennel, Wei-Jun Cai, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jen Huang, Hanqin Tian, Wei Ren, and Zhengchen Zang
Biogeosciences, 13, 4359–4377, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we used a state-of-the-science coupled physical–biogeochemical model to simulate and examine temporal and spatial variability of sea surface CO2 concentration in the Gulf of Mexico. Our model revealed the Gulf was a net CO2 sink with a flux of 1.11 ± 0.84 × 1012 mol C yr−1. We also found that biological uptake was the primary driver making the Gulf an overall CO2 sink and that the carbon flux in the northern Gulf was very susceptible to changes in river inputs.
Timothée Bourgeois, James C. Orr, Laure Resplandy, Jens Terhaar, Christian Ethé, Marion Gehlen, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 13, 4167–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global coastal ocean took up 0.1 Pg C yr−1 of anthropogenic carbon during 1993–2012 based on new biogeochemical simulations with an eddying 3-D global model. That is about half of the most recent estimate, an extrapolation based on surface areas. It should not be confused with the continental shelf pump, perhaps 10 times larger, which includes natural as well as anthropogenic carbon. Coastal uptake of anthropogenic carbon is limited by its offshore transport.
A. Laurent, K. Fennel, R. Wilson, J. Lehrter, and R. Devereux
Biogeosciences, 13, 77–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-77-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-77-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In low oxygen environments, the lack of oxygen influences sediment biogeochemistry and in turn sediment-water fluxes. These nonlinear interactions are often missing from biogeochemical circulation models because sediment models are computationally expensive. A method for parameterizing realistic sediment-water fluxes is presented and applied to the Mississippi River Dead Zone where high primary production, stimulated by excess nutrient loads, promotes low bottom water conditions in summer.
F. Dupont, S. Higginson, R. Bourdallé-Badie, Y. Lu, F. Roy, G. C. Smith, J.-F. Lemieux, G. Garric, and F. Davidson
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1577–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
1/12th degree resolution runs of Arctic--Atlantic were compared for the period 2003-2009. We found good representation of sea surface height and of its statistics; model temperature and salinity in general agreement with in situ measurements, but upper ocean properties in Beaufort Sea are challenging; distribution of concentration and volume of sea ice is improved when slowing down the ice and further improvements require better initial conditions and modifications to mixing.
A. P. Ballantyne, R. Andres, R. Houghton, B. D. Stocker, R. Wanninkhof, W. Anderegg, L. A. Cooper, M. DeGrandpre, P. P. Tans, J. B. Miller, C. Alden, and J. W. C. White
Biogeosciences, 12, 2565–2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2565-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2565-2015, 2015
L. Yu, K. Fennel, A. Laurent, M. C. Murrell, and J. C. Lehrter
Biogeosciences, 12, 2063–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2063-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2063-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Our study suggests that a combination of physical processes and sediment oxygen consumption determine the spatial extent and temporal dynamics of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf. In summer, stratification isolates oxygen-rich surface waters from hypoxic bottom waters; oxygen outgasses to the atmosphere at this time. A large fraction of primary production occurs below the pycnocline in summer, but this primary production does not strongly affect the spatial extent of hypoxic bottom waters.
K.-K. Liu, C.-K. Kang, T. Kobari, H. Liu, C. Rabouille, and K. Fennel
Biogeosciences, 11, 7061–7075, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7061-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7061-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides background info on the East China Sea, Japan/East Sea and South China Sea and highlights major findings in the special issue on their biogeochemical conditions and ecosystem functions. The three seas are subject to strong impacts from human activities and/or climate forcing. Because these continental margins sustain arguably some of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, changes in these stressed ecosystems may threaten the livelihood of a large human population.
Z. Xue, R. He, K. Fennel, W.-J. Cai, S. Lohrenz, and C. Hopkinson
Biogeosciences, 10, 7219–7234, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7219-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7219-2013, 2013
W. J. Burt, H. Thomas, K. Fennel, and E. Horne
Biogeosciences, 10, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-53-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-53-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Sea ice | Subject: Ocean Interactions
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of mixing under ice keels
Seasonal and diurnal variability of sub-ice platelet layer thickness in McMurdo Sound from electromagnetic induction sounding
The role of upper-ocean heat content in the regional variability of Arctic sea ice at sub-seasonal timescales
A method for constructing directional surface wave spectra from ICESat-2 altimetry
A model for the Arctic mixed layer circulation under a summertime lead: implications for the near-surface temperature maximum formation
Uncertainty analysis of single- and multiple-size-class frazil ice models
Wave–sea-ice interactions in a brittle rheological framework
Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up
High-resolution simulations of interactions between surface ocean dynamics and frazil ice
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Towards a coupled model to investigate wave–sea ice interactions in the Arctic marginal ice zone
Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 2: A laboratory case study
Responses of sub-ice platelet layer thickening rate and frazil-ice concentration to variations in ice-shelf water supercooling in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Sam De Abreu, Rosalie M. Cormier, Mikhail G. Schee, Varvara E. Zemskova, Erica Rosenblum, and Nicolas Grisouard
The Cryosphere, 18, 3159–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic sea ice is becoming more mobile and thinner, which will affect the upper Arctic Ocean in unforeseen ways. Using numerical simulations, we find that mixing by ice keels (ridges underlying sea ice) depends significantly on their speeds and depths and the density structure of the upper ocean. Large uncertainties in our results highlight the need for more realistic numerical simulations and better measurements of ice keel characteristics.
Gemma M. Brett, Greg H. Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Natalie J. Robinson, and Anne Irvin
The Cryosphere, 18, 3049–3066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial meltwater with ice crystals flows from beneath ice shelves, causing thicker sea ice with sub-ice platelet layers (SIPLs) beneath. Thicker sea ice and SIPL reveal where and how much meltwater is outflowing. We collected continuous measurements of sea ice and SIPL. In winter, we observed rapid SIPL growth with strong winds. In spring, SIPLs grew when tides caused offshore circulation. Wind-driven and tidal circulation influence glacial meltwater outflow from ice shelf cavities.
Elena Bianco, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simona Masina, Stefano Materia, and Paolo Ruggieri
The Cryosphere, 18, 2357–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in ocean heat transport and surface heat fluxes in recent decades have altered the Arctic Ocean heat budget and caused warming of the upper ocean. Using two eddy-permitting ocean reanalyses, we show that this has important implications for sea ice variability. In the Arctic regional seas, upper-ocean heat content acts as an important precursor for sea ice anomalies on sub-seasonal timescales, and this link has strengthened since the 2000s.
Momme C. Hell and Christopher Horvat
The Cryosphere, 18, 341–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is heavily impacted by waves on its margins, and we currently do not have routine observations of waves in sea ice. Here we propose two methods to separate the surface waves from the sea-ice height observations along each ICESat-2 track using machine learning. Both methods together allow us to follow changes in the wave height through the sea ice.
Alberto Alvarez
The Cryosphere, 17, 3343–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM) layer is typically observed under different Arctic basins. Although its development seems to be related to solar heating in leads, its formation mechanism is under debate. This study uses numerical modeling in an idealized framework to demonstrate that the NSTM layer forms under a summer lead exposed to a combination of calm and moderate wind periods. Future warming of this layer could modify acoustic propagation with implications for marine mammals.
Fabien Souillé, Cédric Goeury, and Rem-Sophia Mouradi
The Cryosphere, 17, 1645–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Models that can predict temperature and ice crystal formation (frazil) in water are important for river and coastal engineering. Indeed, frazil has direct impact on submerged structures and often precedes the formation of ice cover. In this paper, an uncertainty analysis of two mathematical models that simulate supercooling and frazil is carried out within a probabilistic framework. The presented methodology offers new insight into the models and their parameterization.
Guillaume Boutin, Timothy Williams, Pierre Rampal, Einar Olason, and Camille Lique
The Cryosphere, 15, 431–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-431-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-431-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the interactions of surface ocean waves with sea ice. We focus on the evolution of sea ice after it has been fragmented by the waves. Fragmented sea ice is expected to experience less resistance to deformation. We reproduce this evolution using a new coupling framework between a wave model and the recently developed sea ice model neXtSIM. We find that waves can significantly increase the mobility of compact sea ice over wide areas in the wake of storm events.
Joey J. Voermans, Jean Rabault, Kirill Filchuk, Ivan Ryzhov, Petra Heil, Aleksey Marchenko, Clarence O. Collins III, Mohammed Dabboor, Graig Sutherland, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 14, 4265–4278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold which identifies when waves are most likely to break sea ice. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. We show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for operational forecasting models.
Agnieszka Herman, Maciej Dojczman, and Kamila Świszcz
The Cryosphere, 14, 3707–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3707-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3707-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Under typical conditions favorable for sea ice formation in many regions (strong wind and waves, low air temperature), ice forms not at the sea surface but within the upper, turbulent layer of the ocean. Although interactions between ice and ocean dynamics are very important for the evolution of sea ice cover, many aspects of them are poorly understood. We use a numerical model to analyze three-dimensional water circulation and ice transport and show that ice strongly modifies that circulation.
Lisa Thompson, Madison Smith, Jim Thomson, Sharon Stammerjohn, Steve Ackley, and Brice Loose
The Cryosphere, 14, 3329–3347, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The offshore winds around Antarctica can reach hurricane strength and produce intense cooling, causing the surface ocean to form a slurry of seawater and ice crystals. For the first time, we observed a buildup of heat and salt in the surface ocean, caused by loose ice crystal formation. We conclude that up to 1 m of ice was formed per day by the intense cooling, suggesting that unconsolidated crystals may be an important part of the total freezing that happens around Antarctica.
Guillaume Boutin, Camille Lique, Fabrice Ardhuin, Clément Rousset, Claude Talandier, Mickael Accensi, and Fanny Girard-Ardhuin
The Cryosphere, 14, 709–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-709-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-709-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the interactions of surface ocean waves with sea ice taking place at the interface between the compact sea ice cover and the open ocean. We use a newly developed coupling framework between a wave and an ocean–sea ice numerical model. Our results show how the push on sea ice exerted by waves changes the amount and the location of sea ice melting, with a strong impact on the ocean surface properties close to the ice edge.
Agnieszka Herman, Sukun Cheng, and Hayley H. Shen
The Cryosphere, 13, 2901–2914, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2901-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2901-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice interactions with waves are extensively studied in recent years, but mechanisms leading to wave energy attenuation in sea ice remain poorly understood. One of the reasons limiting progress in modelling is a lack of observational data for model validation. The paper presents an analysis of laboratory observations of waves propagating in colliding ice floes. We show that wave attenuation is sensitive to floe size and wave period. A numerical model is calibrated to reproduce this behaviour.
Chen Cheng, Adrian Jenkins, Paul R. Holland, Zhaomin Wang, Chengyan Liu, and Ruibin Xia
The Cryosphere, 13, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-265-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-265-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The sub-ice platelet layer (SIPL) under fast ice is most prevalent in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Using a modified plume model, we investigated the responses of SIPL thickening rate and frazil concentration to variations in ice shelf water supercooling in McMurdo Sound. It would be key to parameterizing the relevant process in more complex three-dimensional, primitive equation ocean models, which relies on the knowledge of the suspended frazil size spectrum within the ice–ocean boundary layer.
Cited articles
Ahmed, M., Else, B. G. T., Burgers, T. M., and Papakyriakou, T.: Variability of
Surface Water pCO2 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago From 2010 to
2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1876–1896,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014639, 2019. a
Aumont, O., Ethé, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M.: PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015. a, b
Barthélemy, A., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., and Madec, G.: Modeling the
Interplay between Sea Ice Formation and the Oceanic Mixed Layer:
Limitations of Simple Brine Rejection Parameterizations, Ocean Model.,
86, 141–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.12.009, 2015. a
Bates, N. R. and Mathis, J. T.: The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks, Biogeosciences, 6, 2433–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009, 2009. a
Bogucki, D., Carr, M.-E., Drennan, W. M., Woiceshyn, P., Hara, T., and
Schmeltz, M.: Preliminary and Novel Estimates of CO2 Gas Transfer Using a
Satellite Scatterometer during the 2001GasEx Experiment, Int.
J. Remote Sens., 31, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160902882546, 2010. a
Bopp, L., Lévy, M., Resplandy, L., and Sallée, J. B.: Pathways of
Anthropogenic Carbon Subduction in the Global Ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 42, 6416–6423, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065073, 2015. a
Bruggeman, J. and Bolding, K.: A General Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical
Models, Environ. Modell. Softw., 61, 249–265,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.002, 2014. a
Burchard, H., Bolding, K., and Villarreal, M.: GOTM, a General Ocean
Turbulence Model: Theory, Implementation and Test Cases, Tech. Rep.,
EUR18745, 1999. a
DeGrandpre, M.: BGOS Mooring In Situ pCO2 and pH time-series, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A28C9R46N, 2016. a
DeGrandpre, M., Evans, W., Timmermans, M.-L., Krishfield, R., Williams, B., and
Steele, M.: Changes in the Arctic Ocean Carbon Cycle With Diminishing Ice
Cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088051,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088051, 2020. a, b
DeGrandpre, M. D., Lai, C.-Z., Timmermans, M.-L., Krishfield, R. A.,
Proshutinsky, A., and Torres, D.: Inorganic Carbon and pCO2 Variability During Ice Formation in the Beaufort
Gyre of the Canada Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124,
4017–4028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015109, 2019. a, b, c, d, e
Delille, B.: Inorganic Carbon Dynamics and Air-Ice-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the
Open and Coastal Waters of the Southern Ocean, PhD thesis, Université de Liège, Liège, https://hdl.handle.net/2268/252964 (last access: 5 October 2022), 2006. a
Delille, B., Jourdain, B., Borges, A. V., Tison, J.-L., and Delille, D.: Biogas
(CO2, O2, Dimethylsulfide) Dynamics in Spring Antarctic Fast Ice,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1367–1379, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1367,
2007. a
Delille, B., Vancoppenolle, M., Geilfus, N.-X., Tilbrook, B., Lannuzel, D.,
Schoemann, V., Becquevort, S., Carnat, G., Delille, D., Lancelot, C., Chou,
L., Dieckmann, G. S., and Tison, J.-L.: Southern Ocean CO2 Sink: The
Contribution of the Sea Ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119,
6340–6355, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009941, 2014. a, b, c, d
Dieckmann, G. S., Nehrke, G., Papadimitriou, S., Göttlicher, J.,
Steininger, R., Kennedy, H., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Thomas, D. N.: Calcium
Carbonate as Ikaite Crystals in Antarctic Sea Ice, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L08501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033540, 2008. a
Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., Tremblay, L. B., Bauch, D., and Willmes, S.:
Sea-Ice Production over the Laptev Sea Shelf Inferred from Historical
Summer-to-Winter Hydrographic Observations of 1960s–1990s,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038775, 2009. a
Else, B. G. T., Papakyriakou, T. N., Galley, R. J., Drennan, W. M., Miller,
L. A., and Thomas, H.: Wintertime CO2 Fluxes in an Arctic Polynya
Using Eddy Covariance: Evidence for Enhanced Air-Sea Gas Transfer during
Ice Formation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00G03,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006760, 2011. a
Etcheto, J. and Merlivat, L.: Satellite Determination of the Carbon Dioxide
Exchange Coefficient at the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface: A First Step,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 93, 15669–15678,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC12p15669, 1988. a
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Yager, P. L., and Smith Jr., W. O.: Antarctic Sea
Ice Carbon Dioxide System and Controls, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C12035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006844, 2011. a
Geilfus, N.-X., Carnat, G., Papakyriakou, T., Tison, J.-L., Else, B., Thomas,
H., Shadwick, E., and Delille, B.: Dynamics of pCO2 and Related Air-Ice
CO2 Fluxes in the Arctic Coastal Zone (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort
Sea), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C00G10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007118, 2012. a
Grimm, R., Notz, D., Glud, R., Rysgaard, S., and Six, K.: Assessment of the
Sea-Ice Carbon Pump: Insights from a Three-Dimensional
Ocean-Sea-Ice-Biogeochemical Model (MPIOM/HAMOCC), Elementa: Science
of the Anthropocene, 4, 000136, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000136,
2016. a, b, c, d
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M.,
Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P.,
Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
Global Reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a
Karleskind, P., Lévy, M., and Memery, L.: Subduction of Carbon, Nitrogen,
and Oxygen in the Northeast Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C02025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006446, 2011. a
Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C., Bacastow, R. B., Wahlen, M., Whorf, T. P.,
Heimann, M., and Meijer, H. A.: Exchanges of Atmospheric CO2 and
13CO2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to
2000. I. Global Aspects, SIO REFERENCE, p. 29, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/09v319r9 (last access: 30 August 2022), 2001. a
König, D., Miller, L. A., Simpson, K. G., and Vagle, S.: Carbon Dynamics
During the Formation of Sea Ice at Different Growth Rates,
Front. Earth Sci., 6, 234, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00234, 2018. a
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., and Schuster, U.: Recent
Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
28, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014. a
Lannuzel, D., Tedesco, L., van Leeuwe, M., Campbell, K., Flores, H., Delille,
B., Miller, L., Stefels, J., Assmy, P., Bowman, J., Brown, K., Castellani,
G., Chierici, M., Crabeck, O., Damm, E., Else, B., Fransson, A., Fripiat, F.,
Geilfus, N.-X., Jacques, C., Jones, E., Kaartokallio, H., Kotovitch, M.,
Meiners, K., Moreau, S., Nomura, D., Peeken, I., Rintala, J.-M., Steiner, N.,
Tison, J.-L., Vancoppenolle, M., Van der Linden, F., Vichi, M., and
Wongpan, P.: The Future of Arctic Sea-Ice Biogeochemistry and
Ice-Associated Ecosystems, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 983–992,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00940-4, 2020. a
Lewis, E. R. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System
Calculations, Environmental System Science
Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem (ESS-DIVE) (United States) [code],
https://doi.org/10.15485/1464255, 1998. a
Loose, B., McGillis, W. R., Perovich, D., Zappa, C. J., and Schlosser, P.: A parameter model of gas exchange for the seasonal sea ice zone, Ocean Sci., 10, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-17-2014, 2014. a, b
MacGilchrist, G. A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Tsubouchi, T., Bacon, S.,
Torres-Valdés, S., and Azetsu-Scott, K.: The Arctic Ocean Carbon
Sink, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 86, 39–55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.01.002, 2014. a
Madec, G., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Bouttier, P.-A., Bricaud, C.,
Bruciaferri, D., Calvert, D., Chanut, J., Clementi, E., Coward, A., Delrosso,
D., Ethé, C., Flavoni, S., Graham, T., Harle, J., Iovino, D., Lea, D.,
Lévy, C., Lovato, T., Martin, N., Masson, S., Mocavero, S., Paul, J.,
Rousset, C., Storkey, D., Storto, A., and Vancoppenolle, M.: NEMO Ocean
Engine, Notes du Pôle de modélisation de l'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace
(IPSL), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248739, 2017. a
Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed,
A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Muelbert, M.,
Ottersen, G., Pritchard, H., and Schuur, E.: Polar Regions, in: IPCC
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing
Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Masson-Delmotte, V.,
Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A.,
Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N.,
Cambridge University Press, 203–320, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.005, 2019. a, b
Miller, L. A., Macdonald, R. W., McLaughlin, F., Mucci, A., Yamamoto-Kawai,
M., Giesbrecht, K. E., and Williams, W. J.: Changes in the Marine Carbonate
System of the Western Arctic: Patterns in a Rescued Data Set, Polar
Res., 33, 20577, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v33.20577, 2014. a
Moreau, S., Vancoppenolle, M., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Madec, G., Delille, B.,
Tison, J.-L., Barriat, P.-Y., and Goosse, H.: Assessment of the Sea-Ice
Carbon Pump: Insights from a Three-Dimensional Ocean-Sea-Ice
Biogeochemical Model (NEMO-LIM-PISCES), Elementa: Science of the
Anthropocene, 4, 000122, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000122, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f
Mortenson, E., Steiner, N., Monahan, A. H., Hayashida, H., Sou, T., and Shao,
A.: Modeled Impacts of Sea Ice Exchange Processes on Arctic Ocean
Carbon Uptake and Acidification (1980–2015), J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015782,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015782, 2020. a, b
Nomura, D., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Toyota, T., and Shirasawa, K.: Effects of
Snow, Snowmelting and Refreezing Processes on Air – Sea-Ice CO2 Flux, J. Glaciol., 56, 262–270, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791968548, 2010. a, b
Notz, D. and Community, S.: Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086749, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086749, 2020. a, b
Orr, B. J. C.: On Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Comparison, Tellus B, 51, 509–530,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00026.x, 1999. a
Ouyang, Z., Qi, D., Chen, L., Takahashi, T., Zhong, W., DeGrandpre, M. D.,
Chen, B., Gao, Z., Nishino, S., Murata, A., Sun, H., Robbins, L. L., Jin, M.,
and Cai, W.-J.: Sea-Ice Loss Amplifies Summertime Decadal CO2 Increase in
the Western Arctic Ocean, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 678–684,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0784-2, 2020. a, b
Overland, J. E. and Wang, M.: When Will the Summer Arctic Be Nearly Sea Ice
Free?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2097–2101, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50316,
2013. a
Perovich, D. K. and Richter-Menge, J. A.: Loss of Sea Ice in the
Arctic, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 417–441,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163805, 2009. a
Polyakov, I. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., Alkire, M. B., Ashik, I. M., Baumann, T. M.,
Carmack, E. C., Goszczko, I., Guthrie, J., Ivanov, V. V., Kanzow, T.,
Krishfield, R., Kwok, R., Sundfjord, A., Morison, J., Rember, R., and Yulin,
A.: Greater Role for Atlantic Inflows on Sea-Ice Loss in the Eurasian
Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Science, 356, 285–291,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8204, 2017. a
Richaud, B., Fennel, K., Oliver, E. C. J., DeGrandpre, M. D., Bourgeois, T., Hu, X., and Lu, Y.: Data set of 1D model runs, CTRL and ICE runs, associated with “Underestimation of oceanic carbon uptake in the Arctic Ocean: Ice melt as predictor of the sea ice carbon pump”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7038942, 2022. a
Rousset, C., Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Flavoni, S., Barthélemy, A., Benshila, R., Chanut, J., Levy, C., Masson, S., and Vivier, F.: The Louvain-La-Neuve sea ice model LIM3.6: global and regional capabilities, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2991–3005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2991-2015, 2015. a
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Sejr, M. K., Bendtsen, J., and Christensen, P. B.:
Inorganic Carbon Transport during Sea Ice Growth and Decay: A Carbon Pump
in Polar Seas, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03016,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003572, 2007. a, b, c, d
Rysgaard, S., Bendtsen, J., Delille, B., Dieckmann, G. S., Glud, R. N.,
Kennedy, H., Mortensen, J., Papadimitriou, S., Thomas, D. N., and Tison,
J.-L.: Sea Ice Contribution to the Air–Sea CO2 Exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans,
Tellus B, 63, 823–830,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00571.x, 2011. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Lennert, K., Cooper, M., Halden, N., Leakey, R. J. G., Hawthorne, F. C., and Barber, D.: Ikaite crystals in melting sea ice – implications for pCO2 and pH levels in Arctic surface waters, The Cryosphere, 6, 901–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-901-2012, 2012. a
Rysgaard, S., Søgaard, D. H., Cooper, M., Pućko, M., Lennert, K., Papakyriakou, T. N., Wang, F., Geilfus, N. X., Glud, R. N., Ehn, J., McGinnis, D. F., Attard, K., Sievers, J., Deming, J. W., and Barber, D.: Ikaite crystal distribution in winter sea ice and implications for CO2 system dynamics, The Cryosphere, 7, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-707-2013, 2013. a
Schuster, U., McKinley, G. A., Bates, N., Chevallier, F., Doney, S. C., Fay, A. R., González-Dávila, M., Gruber, N., Jones, S., Krijnen, J., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Manizza, M., Mathis, J., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Rios, A. F., Rödenbeck, C., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: An assessment of the Atlantic and Arctic sea–air CO2 fluxes, 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 607–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-607-2013, 2013. a
Steiner, N., Azetsu-Scott, K., Hamilton, J., Hedges, K., Hu, X., Janjua,
M. Y., Lavoie, D., Loder, J., Melling, H., Merzouk, A., Perrie, W., Peterson,
I., Scarratt, M., Sou, T., and Tallmann, R.: Observed Trends and Climate
Projections Affecting Marine Ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic,
Environ. Rev., 23, 191–239, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0066, 2015. a
Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., and Sutherland,
S. C.: Seasonal Variation of CO2 and Nutrients in the High-Latitude
Surface Oceans: A Comparative Study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7,
843–878, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263, 1993. a
Umlauf, L. and Burchard, H.: Second-Order Turbulence Closure Models for Geophysical Boundary Layers. A Review of Recent Work, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 795–827, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.08.004, 2005. a
Umlauf, L., Burchard, H., and Bolding, K.: GOTM Sourcecode and Test Case Documentation, Tech. Rep., https://gotm.net (last access: 13 December 2019), 2014. a
Vancoppenolle, M., Meiners, K. M., Michel, C., Bopp, L., Brabant, F., Carnat,
G., Delille, B., Lannuzel, D., Madec, G., Moreau, S., Tison, J.-L., and van
der Merwe, P.: Role of Sea Ice in Global Biogeochem. Cy.: Emerging
Views and Challenges, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 79, 207–230,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011, 2013. a
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between Wind Speed and Gas Exchange over the Ocean
Revisited: Gas Exchange and Wind Speed over the Ocean, Limnol.
Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 351–362, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351, 2014. a, b, c, d
Watts, J., Bell, T. G., Anderson, K., Butterworth, B. J., Miller, S., Else, B.,
and Shutler, J.: Impact of Sea Ice on Air-Sea CO2 Exchange –
A Critical Review of Polar Eddy Covariance Studies, Prog.
Oceanogr., 201, 102741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102741, 2022.
a, b
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon Dioxide in Water and Seawater: The Solubility of a
Non-Ideal Gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203–215,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974. a, b
Yager, P. L., Wallace, D. W. R., Johnson, K. M., Smith Jr., W. O., Minnett,
P. J., and Deming, J. W.: The Northeast Water Polynya as an Atmospheric
CO2 Sink: A Seasonal Rectification Hypothesis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 100, 4389–4398, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01962, 1995. a
Yasunaka, S., Murata, A., Watanabe, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., van
Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Kosugi, N., Lauvset,
S. K., Mathis, J. T., Nishino, S., Omar, A. M., Olsen, A., Sasano, D.,
Takahashi, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: Mapping of the Air–Sea CO2
Flux in the Arctic Ocean and Its Adjacent Seas: Basin-wide
Distribution and Seasonal to Interannual Variability, Polar Sci., 10,
323–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2016.03.006, 2016. a
Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S. K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A. M., van Heuven, S., and Mathis, J. T.: Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations, Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018. a
Zhang, Y., Wei, H., Lu, Y., Luo, X., Hu, X., and Zhao, W.: Dependence of
Beaufort Sea Low Ice Condition in the Summer of 1998 on Ice
Export in the Prior Winter, J. Climate, 33, 9247–9259,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0943.1, 2020. a
Zheng, Z., Wei, H., Luo, X., and Zhao, W.: Mechanisms of Persistent High
Primary Production During the Growing Season in the Chukchi Sea,
Ecosystems, 24, 891–910, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00559-8, 2021. a
Ziehn, T., Chamberlain, M. A., Law, R. M., Lenton, A., Bodman, R. W., Dix, M.,
Stevens, L., Wang, Y.-P., Srbinovsky, J., Ziehn, T., Chamberlain, M. A., Law,
R. M., Lenton, A., Bodman, R. W., Dix, M., Stevens, L., Wang, Y.-P., and
Srbinovsky, J.: The Australian Earth System Model: ACCESS-ESM1.5,
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, 70, 193–214,
https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19035, 2020 (data available at: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/, last access: 31 August 2022). a, b, c
Short summary
Sea ice is a dynamic carbon reservoir. Its seasonal growth and melt modify the carbonate chemistry in the upper ocean, with consequences for the Arctic Ocean carbon sink. Yet, the importance of this process is poorly quantified. Using two independent approaches, this study provides new methods to evaluate the error in air–sea carbon flux estimates due to the lack of biogeochemistry in ice in earth system models. Those errors range from 5 % to 30 %, depending on the model and climate projection.
Sea ice is a dynamic carbon reservoir. Its seasonal growth and melt modify the carbonate...
