Articles | Volume 15, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4145-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4145-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 30 Aug 2021
| 30 Aug 2021
Controls of outbursts of moraine-dammed lakes in the greater Himalayan region
Melanie Fischer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Oliver Korup
Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Georg Veh
Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Ariane Walz
Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Cited
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Classification and evaluation of dangerous glacial lakes in the Hindukush region of Afghanistan (HKA) using a multi-criteria approach F. Azizi & S. Lane https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2025.2571983
- Research on Uncertainty of Landslide Susceptibility Prediction—Bibliometrics and Knowledge Graph Analysis Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163879
- Glacial Lake Changes and Risk Assessment in Rongxer Watershed of China–Nepal Economic Corridor S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040725
- Are area changes the primary indicator for predicting glacial lake outburst Risks?——A case study of the HMA region Z. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcar.2025.03.005
- Hydro-meteorological analysis of the Dharali-Uttarkashi flash flood event of 05 August 2025 H. Nainwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-026-02747-4
- Inventory and GLOF susceptibility of glacial lakes in Chenab basin, Western Himalaya S. Das et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2024.2356216
- Assessing and managing glacial lake outburst flood risks in the Indian Himalayas: a comprehensive review V. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07497-5
- Small outbursts into big disasters: Earthquakes exacerbate climate-driven cascade processes of the glacial lakes failure in the Himalayas N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108539
- Progressively smaller glacier lake outburst floods despite worldwide growth in lake area G. Veh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00388-w
- Multi-breach GLOF hazard and exposure analysis of Birendra Lake in the Manaslu Region of Nepal U. Poudel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.03.007
- Hybrid FR-AHP approach for GLOF hazard assessment in the Himalayan region D. Gaikwad et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101437
- Evaluating potential GLOF threat to hydropower projects and communities in transboundary region of Eastern Himalaya S. Dwivedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2026.104448
- The imprint of erosion by glacial lake outburst floods in the topography of central Himalayan rivers M. Dahlquist & A. West https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-705-2022
- Enhanced glacial lake activity threatens numerous communities and infrastructure in the Third Pole T. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44123-z
- Quantitative assessment of the GLOF risk along China-Nepal transboundary basins by integrating remote sensing, machine learning, and hydrodynamic model M. Gouli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105231
- A Novel Approach for Automatic Glacial Lake Type Identification in the Parlung Zangbo Basin via Glacially Fed Lake Subdivision D. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18101467
- Growing Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risks in Ghizer District: A Karakoram Anomaly Region Y. Mazhar et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2024.3522950
- Impact assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalaya using satellite imageries over the last 25 years (2000–2024): A comprehensive review A. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101845
- Glacial lakes inventory and susceptibility assessment in the Alsek River Basin, Yukon, Canada T. Kroczek & V. Vilímek https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-024-00304-6
- A robust glacial lake outburst susceptibility assessment approach validated by GLOF event in 2020 in the Nidu Zangbo Basin, Tibetan Plateau D. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106734
- A mathematical model to improve water storage of glacial lake prediction towards addressing glacial lake outburst floods M. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-969-2025
- Improved Process Management of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazards by Integrating Modular Monitoring, Assessment, and Simulation X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03146-9
- An Early Warning System is Established for Cirenmaco, a Moraine-Dammed Lake in Central Himalaya, China T. Zhang & W. Wang https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3980483
- Progress and challenges in glacial lake outburst flood research (2017–2021): a research community perspective A. Emmer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022
- In-situ bathymetry and volume estimation of four glacial lakes in western Himalaya S. Das & R. Ramsankaran https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10082
- Assessment of Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Panjshir , Afghanistan Using RS and GIS H. Arian et al. https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v3i4.313
- Monitoring and early warning system of Cirenmaco glacial lake in the central Himalayas W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102914
- Glacial lake outburst floods threaten China-Nepal connectivity: Synergistic study of remote sensing, GIS and hydrodynamic modeling with regional implications N. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174701
- Dangerous Glacial Lakes Identification With Property-Spatial Associations in High Mountain Asia From 1990 to 2022 H. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3545031
- Susceptibility Assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Palong Zangbu River Basin, Lower Yarlung Tsangpo, China C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411219
- Integrating Advanced Machine Learning and AHP for Spatio-Temporal Glacier Lake Outburst Flooding (GLOF) Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study in Pakistan’s Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) from 2010 to 2024 F. Abbas & Z. cai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2026.01.002
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Classification and evaluation of dangerous glacial lakes in the Hindukush region of Afghanistan (HKA) using a multi-criteria approach F. Azizi & S. Lane https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2025.2571983
- Research on Uncertainty of Landslide Susceptibility Prediction—Bibliometrics and Knowledge Graph Analysis Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163879
- Glacial Lake Changes and Risk Assessment in Rongxer Watershed of China–Nepal Economic Corridor S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040725
- Are area changes the primary indicator for predicting glacial lake outburst Risks?——A case study of the HMA region Z. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcar.2025.03.005
- Hydro-meteorological analysis of the Dharali-Uttarkashi flash flood event of 05 August 2025 H. Nainwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-026-02747-4
- Inventory and GLOF susceptibility of glacial lakes in Chenab basin, Western Himalaya S. Das et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2024.2356216
- Assessing and managing glacial lake outburst flood risks in the Indian Himalayas: a comprehensive review V. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07497-5
- Small outbursts into big disasters: Earthquakes exacerbate climate-driven cascade processes of the glacial lakes failure in the Himalayas N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108539
- Progressively smaller glacier lake outburst floods despite worldwide growth in lake area G. Veh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00388-w
- Multi-breach GLOF hazard and exposure analysis of Birendra Lake in the Manaslu Region of Nepal U. Poudel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.03.007
- Hybrid FR-AHP approach for GLOF hazard assessment in the Himalayan region D. Gaikwad et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101437
- Evaluating potential GLOF threat to hydropower projects and communities in transboundary region of Eastern Himalaya S. Dwivedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2026.104448
- The imprint of erosion by glacial lake outburst floods in the topography of central Himalayan rivers M. Dahlquist & A. West https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-705-2022
- Enhanced glacial lake activity threatens numerous communities and infrastructure in the Third Pole T. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44123-z
- Quantitative assessment of the GLOF risk along China-Nepal transboundary basins by integrating remote sensing, machine learning, and hydrodynamic model M. Gouli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105231
- A Novel Approach for Automatic Glacial Lake Type Identification in the Parlung Zangbo Basin via Glacially Fed Lake Subdivision D. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18101467
- Growing Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risks in Ghizer District: A Karakoram Anomaly Region Y. Mazhar et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2024.3522950
- Impact assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalaya using satellite imageries over the last 25 years (2000–2024): A comprehensive review A. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101845
- Glacial lakes inventory and susceptibility assessment in the Alsek River Basin, Yukon, Canada T. Kroczek & V. Vilímek https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-024-00304-6
- A robust glacial lake outburst susceptibility assessment approach validated by GLOF event in 2020 in the Nidu Zangbo Basin, Tibetan Plateau D. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106734
- A mathematical model to improve water storage of glacial lake prediction towards addressing glacial lake outburst floods M. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-969-2025
- Improved Process Management of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazards by Integrating Modular Monitoring, Assessment, and Simulation X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03146-9
- An Early Warning System is Established for Cirenmaco, a Moraine-Dammed Lake in Central Himalaya, China T. Zhang & W. Wang https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3980483
- Progress and challenges in glacial lake outburst flood research (2017–2021): a research community perspective A. Emmer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022
- In-situ bathymetry and volume estimation of four glacial lakes in western Himalaya S. Das & R. Ramsankaran https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10082
- Assessment of Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Panjshir , Afghanistan Using RS and GIS H. Arian et al. https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v3i4.313
- Monitoring and early warning system of Cirenmaco glacial lake in the central Himalayas W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102914
- Glacial lake outburst floods threaten China-Nepal connectivity: Synergistic study of remote sensing, GIS and hydrodynamic modeling with regional implications N. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174701
- Dangerous Glacial Lakes Identification With Property-Spatial Associations in High Mountain Asia From 1990 to 2022 H. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3545031
- Susceptibility Assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Palong Zangbu River Basin, Lower Yarlung Tsangpo, China C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411219
- Integrating Advanced Machine Learning and AHP for Spatio-Temporal Glacier Lake Outburst Flooding (GLOF) Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study in Pakistan’s Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) from 2010 to 2024 F. Abbas & Z. cai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2026.01.002
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the greater Himalayan region threaten local communities and infrastructure. We assess this hazard objectively using fully data-driven models. We find that lake and catchment area, as well as regional glacier-mass balance, credibly raised the susceptibility of a glacial lake in our study area to produce a sudden outburst. However, our models hardly support the widely held notion that rapid lake growth increases GLOF susceptibility.
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the greater Himalayan region threaten local communities...
