Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 May 2021
Research article |
| 18 May 2021
| 18 May 2021
The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Roorkee, India
Renoj J. Thayyen
Water Resources System Division, National Institute of
Hydrology, Roorkee, India
deceased
Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Roorkee, India
Stephan Gruber
Department of Geography & Environmental
Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin: An active layer dynamics J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02074-5
- In Situ monitoring of microbial metabolic activity in himalayan active-layer permafrost soil M. Nazarious et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.102048
- Response of multi-layer soil temperature and moisture to climate change in the frozen soil Region of Northeast China based on interpretable machine learning G. Di & B. Feng https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06584-2
- Thermo-hydro-mechanical characterization and deformation behavior of reconstituted multi-couplets of varved laminae under freeze-thaw cycle D. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2025.2496308
- Inferring permafrost distribution over Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya through remotely sensed land surface temperature products between 2002 and 2023: Implications for permafrost degradation-related hazards I. Bhat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101483
- An integrated computational framework for high-dimensional parameter optimization in coupled hydro-thermal permafrost modelling A. Alphonse et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104950
- Comparative analysis of prokaryotic microbiomes in high-altitude active layer soils: insights from Ladakh and global analogues using In-Silico approaches A. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01365-3
- Active layer modelling at Stelvio Pass, Italian Alps V. Chaturvedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104762
- Evaluation and spatio-temporal analysis of surface energy flux in permafrost regions over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Arctic using CMIP6 models J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2142307
- Improved permafrost modelling in mountain environments by including air convection in a hydrological model G. Zegers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4091-2025
- Evaluation of CLM5.0 for simulating surface energy budget and soil hydrothermal regime in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109380
- Remote sensing-based assessment of albedo changes on benchmark glaciers in the Western Himalaya, India, between 2001 and 2022 using Google Earth Engine: implications for glacier mass loss S. Magray et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12749-5
- Permafrost modelling with OpenFOAM®: New advancements of the permaFoam solver L. Orgogozo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2022.108541
- Enhanced understanding of warming and humidifying on ground heat flux in the Tibetan Plateau Hinterland J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107799
- Water budgets in an arid and alpine permafrost basin: Observations from the High Mountain Asia Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.09.005
- Decadal-scale thermal memory of permafrost and climatic and topographic modulation on the Tibetan Plateau Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01368-x
- Estimation of annual and seasonal glaciological-based mass balance of Ladakh range in cold-arid Himalayan region – Case studies of Phuche and Khardung glaciers in 2014–2017 J. Dharpure et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101132
- Cryosphere hazards under weather and climate extremes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: The cryosphere hazard interaction pathways (CHiP) framework M. Azam et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100738
- Disturbance characteristics and forest properties regulate surface warming and recovery across Europe Y. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02071-5
- Long-term energy balance measurements at three different mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps M. Hoelzle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022
- Snow avalanche in the Indian Himalayas: Hazard zonation and climate change trends in Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh, India J. Bansal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.103882
- Biases in radiative flux observations due to precipitation across the Arctic forest-tundra ecotone T. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110814
- Permafrost environment evaluation of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on DPSRC theory and system dynamics Y. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110992
- Persistent signatures of meteorological parameters and variation along topographic setup of NWH region V. Anjana & C. Singh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181286
- Biennial analysis of probable permafrost distribution for Kullu district, North‐west Himalaya using Landsat 8 satellite data I. Pradhan & D. Shukla https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4921
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin: An active layer dynamics J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02074-5
- In Situ monitoring of microbial metabolic activity in himalayan active-layer permafrost soil M. Nazarious et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.102048
- Response of multi-layer soil temperature and moisture to climate change in the frozen soil Region of Northeast China based on interpretable machine learning G. Di & B. Feng https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06584-2
- Thermo-hydro-mechanical characterization and deformation behavior of reconstituted multi-couplets of varved laminae under freeze-thaw cycle D. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2025.2496308
- Inferring permafrost distribution over Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya through remotely sensed land surface temperature products between 2002 and 2023: Implications for permafrost degradation-related hazards I. Bhat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101483
- An integrated computational framework for high-dimensional parameter optimization in coupled hydro-thermal permafrost modelling A. Alphonse et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104950
- Comparative analysis of prokaryotic microbiomes in high-altitude active layer soils: insights from Ladakh and global analogues using In-Silico approaches A. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01365-3
- Active layer modelling at Stelvio Pass, Italian Alps V. Chaturvedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104762
- Evaluation and spatio-temporal analysis of surface energy flux in permafrost regions over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Arctic using CMIP6 models J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2142307
- Improved permafrost modelling in mountain environments by including air convection in a hydrological model G. Zegers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4091-2025
- Evaluation of CLM5.0 for simulating surface energy budget and soil hydrothermal regime in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109380
- Remote sensing-based assessment of albedo changes on benchmark glaciers in the Western Himalaya, India, between 2001 and 2022 using Google Earth Engine: implications for glacier mass loss S. Magray et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12749-5
- Permafrost modelling with OpenFOAM®: New advancements of the permaFoam solver L. Orgogozo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2022.108541
- Enhanced understanding of warming and humidifying on ground heat flux in the Tibetan Plateau Hinterland J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107799
- Water budgets in an arid and alpine permafrost basin: Observations from the High Mountain Asia Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.09.005
- Decadal-scale thermal memory of permafrost and climatic and topographic modulation on the Tibetan Plateau Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01368-x
- Estimation of annual and seasonal glaciological-based mass balance of Ladakh range in cold-arid Himalayan region – Case studies of Phuche and Khardung glaciers in 2014–2017 J. Dharpure et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101132
- Cryosphere hazards under weather and climate extremes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: The cryosphere hazard interaction pathways (CHiP) framework M. Azam et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100738
- Disturbance characteristics and forest properties regulate surface warming and recovery across Europe Y. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02071-5
- Long-term energy balance measurements at three different mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps M. Hoelzle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022
- Snow avalanche in the Indian Himalayas: Hazard zonation and climate change trends in Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh, India J. Bansal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.103882
- Biases in radiative flux observations due to precipitation across the Arctic forest-tundra ecotone T. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110814
- Permafrost environment evaluation of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on DPSRC theory and system dynamics Y. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110992
- Persistent signatures of meteorological parameters and variation along topographic setup of NWH region V. Anjana & C. Singh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181286
- Biennial analysis of probable permafrost distribution for Kullu district, North‐west Himalaya using Landsat 8 satellite data I. Pradhan & D. Shukla https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4921
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 07 Nov 2026
Short summary
We study the surface energy balance from a cold-arid permafrost environment in the Indian Himalayan region. The GEOtop model was used for the modelling of surface energy balance. Our results show that the variability in the turbulent heat fluxes is similar to that reported from the seasonally frozen ground and permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau. Further, the low relative humidity could be playing a critical role in the surface energy balance and the permafrost processes.
We study the surface energy balance from a cold-arid permafrost environment in the Indian...
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