Bodhinayake, W., Si, B. C., and Xiao, C.: New method for determining
water-conducting macro-and mesoporosity from tension infiltrometer, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 760–769, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0760, 2004.
Burt, T. and Williams, P. J.: Hydraulic conductivity in frozen soils, Earth
Surf. Proc., 1, 349–360, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290010404, 1976.
Campbell, G. S.: Soil physics with BASIC: transport models for soil-plant
systems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.
Cheng, Q., Xu, Q., Cheng, X., Yu, S., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Yan, X., and Jones,
S. B.: In-situ estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in freezing
soil using improved field data and inverse numerical modeling, Agr. Forest.
Meteorol., 279, 107746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107746, 2019.
Cortis, A. and Berkowitz, B.: Anomalous transport in “classical” soil and
sand columns, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1539–1548, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1539,
2004.
Demand, D., Selker, J. S., and Weiler, M.: Influences of macropores on
infiltration into seasonally frozen soil, Vadose Zone J., 18, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.08.0147, 2019.
Ding, B., Rezanezhad, F., Gharedaghloo, B., Cappellen, P. V., and Passeport,
E.: Bioretention cells under cold climate conditions: Effects of freezing
and thawing on water infiltration, soil structure, and nutrient removal, Sci.
Total Environ., 649, 749–759, 2019.
Espeby, B.: Tracing the origin of natural waters in a glacial till slope
during snowmelt, J. Hydrol., 118, 107–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90253-T, 1990.
Flerchinger, G. N. and Saxton, K. E.: Simultaneous Heat and Water Model of
a Freezing Snow-Residue-Soil System I. Theory and Development, Am.
Soc. Agr. Eng., 32, 573–576, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.31041, 1989.
Fouli, Y., Cade-Menun, B. J., and Cutforth, H. W.: Freeze–thaw cycles and
soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils,
Can. J. Soil Sci., 93, 485–496, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2012-060, 2013.
Fu, Q., Zhao, H., Li, T., Hou, R., Liu, D., Ji, Y., Zhou, Z., and Yang, L.:
Effects of biochar addition on soil hydrauli
c properties before and after
freezing-thawing, Catena, 176, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.008, 2019.
Gao, B., Yang, D., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, T.: Change in frozen soils and its effect on regional hydrology, upper Heihe basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018.
Gao, H. and Shao, M.: Effects of temperature changes on soil hydraulic
properties, Soil Till. Res., 153, 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.05.003, 2015.
Gardner, W.: Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow
equation with application to evaporation from a water table, Soil Sci., 85,
228–232, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195804000-00006, 1958.
Granger, R. J., Gray, D. M., and Dyck, G. E.: Snowmelt infiltration to
frozen Prairie soils, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 669–677, https://doi.org/10.1139/e84-073, 1984.
Grevers, M., Jong, E. D., and St. Arnaud, R.: The characterization of soil
macroporosity with CT scanning, Can J Soil Sci., 69, 629–637, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-062, 1989.
Harlan, R.: Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen
soil, Water Resour. Res., 9, 1314–1323, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR009i005p01314, 1973.
Hayashi, M.: The Cold Vadose Zone: Hydrological and Ecological Significance
of Frozen-Soil Processes, Vadose Zone J., 12, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.03.0064, 2013.
Hayashi, M., van der Kamp, G., and Schmidt, R.: Focused infiltration of
snowmelt water in partially frozen soil under small depressions, J. Hydrol.,
270, 214–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00287-1, 2003.
Holten, R., Be, F. N., Almvik, M., Katuwal, S., and Eklo, O. M.: The effect
of freezing and thawing on water flow and MCPA leaching in partially frozen
soil, J. Contam. Hydrol., 219, 72–85, 2018.
Hussen, A. and Warrick, A.: Alternative analyses of hydraulic data from
disc tension infiltrometers, Water Resour. Res., 29, 4103–4108, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02404, 1993.
Jarvis, N.: A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in
soil macropores: Principles, controlling factors and consequences for water
quality, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 58, 523–546, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00915.x,
2007.
Jarvis, N., Koestel, J., and Larsbo, M.: Understanding Preferential Flow in
the Vadose Zone: Recent Advances and Future Prospects, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.09.0075, 2016.
Jiang, R.: Data for “Soil infiltration characteristics and pore distribution under freezing-thawing condition” .xlsx. figshare, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12965123.v4, 2020.
Lavelle, P., Decaëns, T., Aubert, M., Barot, S. B., Blouin, M., Bureau,
F., Margerie, P., Mora, P., and Rossi, J.-P.: Soil invertebrates and
ecosystem services, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 42, S3–S15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.002, 2006.
Lewis, J. and Sjöstrom, J.: Optimizing the experimental design of soil
columns in saturated and unsaturated transport experiments, J. Contam. Hydrol.,
115, 1–13, 2010.
Lipiec, J., Kuś, J., Słowińska-Jurkiewicz, A., and Nosalewicz, A.:
Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods, Soil
Till. Res., 89, 210–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.07.012, 2006.
Lundin, L.-C.: Hydraulic properties in an operational model of frozen soil,
J. Hydrol., 118, 289–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90264-X, 1990.
Luxmoore, R.: Micro-, meso-, and macroporosity of soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
45, 671–672, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500030051x, 1981.
McCauley, C. A., White, D. M., Lilly, M. R., and Nyman, D. M.: A comparison
of hydraulic conductivities, permeabilities and infiltration rates in frozen
and unfrozen soils, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 34, 117–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(01)00064-7, 2002.
Mohammed, A. A., Kurylyk, B. L., Cey, E. E., and Hayashi, M.: Snowmelt
infiltration and macropore flow in frozen soils: Overview, knowledge gaps,
and a conceptual framework, Vadose Zone J., 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0084, 2018.
Mohammed, A. A., Pavlovskii, I., Cey, E. E., and Hayashi, M.: Effects of preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning and groundwater recharge in frozen soils, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 5017–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5017-2019, 2019.
Nimmo, J. R.: Theory for Source-Responsive and Free-Surface Film Modeling of
Unsaturated Flow, Vadose Zone J., 9, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0085, 2010.
Nimmo, J. R.: Preferential flow occurs in unsaturated conditions, Hydrol. Process., 26, 786–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8380, 2012.
Nixon, J.: Discrete ice lens theory for frost heave in soils, Can. Geotech. J., 28, 843–859, https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-102, 1991.
Oswald, S., Kinzelbach, W., Greiner, A., and Brix, G.: Observation of flow
and transport processes in artificial porous media via magnetic resonance
imaging in three dimensions, Geoderma, 80, 417–429, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00064-5, 1997.
Oztas, T. and Fayetorbay, F.: Effect of freezing and thawing processes on
soil aggregate stability, Catena, 52, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00177-7,
2003.
Peng, X., Frauenfeld, O. W., Cao, B., Wang, K., Wang, H., Su, H., Huang, Z.,
Yue, D., and Zhang, T.: Response of changes in seasonal soil freeze/thaw
state to climate change from 1950 to 2010 across china, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 121, 1984–2000, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003876, 2016.
Perroux, K. M. and White, I.: Designs for Disc Permeameters, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 1205–1215, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200050001x, 1988.
Pittman, F., Mohammed, A., and Cey, E.: Effects of antecedent moisture and
macroporosity on infiltration and water flow in frozen soil, Hydrol. Process.,
34, 795–809, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13629, 2020.
Smith, M.: Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik,
Northwest Territories, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 283–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)90073-7, 1985.
Spaans, E. J.: The soil freezing characteristic: Its measurement and similarity to the soil moisture characteristic, PhD thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 126 pp., 1994.
Spaans, E. J. and Baker, J. M.: The soil freezing characteristic: Its
measurement and similarity to the soil moisture characteristic, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010005x, 1996.
Stadler, D., Stähli, M., Aeby, P., and
Flühler, H.: Dye tracing and image analysis for
quantifying water infiltration into frozen soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64,
505–516, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.642505x, 2000.
Stadler, D., Flühler, H., and and Jansson, P.-E.:
Modelling vertical and lateral water flow in frozen and sloped forest soil
plots, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 26, 181–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00017-7,
1997.
Stähli, M., Bayard, D., Wydler, H., and Flühler, H.: Snowmelt
Infiltration into Alpine Soils Visualized by Dye Tracer Technique, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 128–135, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0128:SIIASV]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Taina, I. A., Heck, R. J., Deen, W., and Ma, E. Y.: Quantification of
freeze–thaw related structure in cultivated topsoils using X-ray computer
tomography, Can. J. Soil Sci., 93, 533–553, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2012-044, 2013.
Tarnawski, V. R. and Wagner, B.: On the prediction of hydraulic
conductivity of frozen soils, Can. Geotech. J., 33, 176–180, https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-033, 1996.
van der Kamp, G., Hayashi, M., and Gallén, D.: Comparing the hydrology of
grassed and cultivated catchments in the semi-arid Canadian prairies, Hydrol. Process., 17, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1157, 2003.
Wan, X., and Yang, Z. J.: Pore water freezing characteristic in saline soils
based on pore size distribution, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 173,
103030.103031-103030.103012, 2020.
Wang, D., Yates, S., and Ernst, F.: Determining soil hydraulic properties
using tension infiltrometers, time domain reflectometry, and tensiometers,
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 318–325, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200020004x, 1998.
Wang, X., Chen, R., Liu, G., Yang, Y., Song, Y., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Han, C.,
Liu, X., Guo, S., Wang, L., and Zheng, Q.: Spatial distributions and
temporal variations of the near-surface soil freeze state across China under
climate change, Glob. Planet. Change, 172, 150–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.016, 2019.
Watanabe, K. and Flury, M.: Capillary bundle model of hydraulic
conductivity for frozen soil, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007012,
2008.
Watanabe, K. and Kugisaki, Y.: Effect of macropores on soil freezing and
thawing with infiltration, Hydrol. Process., 31, 270–278, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10939,
2017.
Watanabe, K. and Osada, Y.: Simultaneous measurement of unfrozen water
content and hydraulic conductivity of partially frozen soil near 0 C, Cold
Reg. Sci. Technol., 142, 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.08.002, 2017.
Watanabe, K. and Wake, T.: Hydraulic conductivity in frozen unsaturated
soil, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, 29 June–3 July 2008,
1927–1932, 2008.
Watanabe, K., Kito, T., Dun, S., Wu, J. Q., Greer, R. C., and Flury, M.:
Water infiltration into a frozen soil with simultaneous melting of the
frozen layer, Vadose Zone J., 12, vzj2011.0188, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0188, 2013.
Watson, K. and Luxmoore, R.: Estimating macroporosity in a forest watershed
by use of a tension infiltrometer, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 578–582, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030007x, 1986.
Williams, P. and Burt, T.: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity of frozen
soils, Can. Geotech. J., 11, 647–650, https://doi.org/10.1139/t74-066, 1974.
Wilson, G. and Luxmoore, R.: Infiltration, macroporosity, and mesoporosity
distributions on two forested watersheds, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 329–335, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200020005x, 1988.
Wooding, R.: Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond, Water Resour. Res., 4, 1259–1273, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR004i006p01259, 1968.
Zhao, Y., Nishimura, T., Hill, R., and Miyazaki, T.: Determining hydraulic
conductivity for air-filled porosity in an unsaturated frozen soil by the
multistep outflow method, Vadose Zone J., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0061,
2013.
