Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2133-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2133-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Soil infiltration characteristics and pore distribution under freezing–thawing conditions
Ruiqi Jiang
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Tianxiao Li
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Dong Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Qiang Fu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Renjie Hou
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Qinglin Li
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Song Cui
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Mo Li
School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast
Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water
Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Water
Conservancy Engineering in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Zihan Song, Leiming Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Qiang Fu, Zhenxing Shen, Renjian Zhang, Dong Liu, and Song Cui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13101–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel concept integrating crop cycle information into fire spot extraction was proposed. Spatiotemporal variations of open straw burning in Northeast China are revealed. Open straw burning in Northeast China emitted a total of 218 Tg of CO2-eq during 2001–2020. The policy of banning straw burning effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
Related subject area
Discipline: Frozen ground | Subject: Frozen ground hydrology
Massive mobilization of toxic elements from an intact rock glacier in the central Eastern Alps
Short-term cooling, drying, and deceleration of an ice-rich rock glacier
Future permafrost degradation under climate change in a headwater catchment of Central Siberia: quantitative assessment with a mechanistic modelling approach
Brief communication: Mountain permafrost acts as an aquitard during an infiltration experiment monitored with electrical resistivity tomography time-lapse measurements
Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes – Part 1: Geophysics-based estimates from three different regions
Impact of lateral groundwater flow on hydrothermal conditions of the active layer in a high-Arctic hillslope setting
New insights into the drainage of inundated ice-wedge polygons using fundamental hydrologic principles
Invited perspective: What lies beneath a changing Arctic?
Sub-permafrost methane seepage from open-system pingos in Svalbard
Soil moisture and hydrology projections of the permafrost region – a model intercomparison
Hoda Moradi, Gerhard Furrer, Michael Margreth, David Mair, and Christoph Wanner
The Cryosphere, 18, 5153–5171, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed monitoring of a rock glacier spring in the Eastern Alps showed that more than 1 tonne of toxic solutes, such as aluminum, nickel, and manganese, is mobilized each year from a small permafrost area. The strong mobilization is caused by rock weathering and long-term accumulation of toxic solutes in permafrost ice. Today, climate-change-induced permafrost degradation leads to a quick and focused export in summer. This forms an unexpected, novel hazard for alpine and high-latitude areas.
Alexander Bast, Robert Kenner, and Marcia Phillips
The Cryosphere, 18, 3141–3158, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We monitor ground temperature, water pressure, and relative ice/water contents in a creeping ice-rich rock glacier in mountain permafrost to study its characteristics during a deceleration period with dry conditions and a summer heat wave. The snowpack has an important role as a provider of water and as a thermal insulator. Snow-poor winters, followed by dry summers, induce cooling and drying of the permafrost, leading to rock glacier deceleration.
Thibault Xavier, Laurent Orgogozo, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Esteban Alonso-González, Simon Gascoin, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3074, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3074, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost (permanently frozen soil at depth) is thawing as a result of climate change. However, estimating its future degradation is particularly challenging due to the complex multi-physical processes involved. In this work, we designed and ran numerical simulations for months on a supercomputer to quantify the impact of climate change in a forested valley of Central Siberia. There, climate change could increase the thickness of the seasonally thawed soil layer in summer by up to 45 % by 2100.
Mirko Pavoni, Jacopo Boaga, Alberto Carrera, Giulia Zuecco, Luca Carturan, and Matteo Zumiani
The Cryosphere, 17, 1601–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the last decades, geochemical investigations at the springs of rock glaciers have been used to estimate their drainage processes, and the frozen layer is typically considered to act as an aquiclude or aquitard. In this work, we evaluated the hydraulic behavior of a mountain permafrost site by executing a geophysical monitoring experiment. Several hundred liters of salt water have been injected into the subsurface, and geoelectrical measurements have been performed to define the water flow.
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Alexandra Hamm and Andrew Frampton
The Cryosphere, 15, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4853-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4853-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the effect of groundwater flow on the active layer on slopes in permafrost landscapes, we conducted several modeling experiments. We find that groundwater moving downslope in the subsurface causes areas uphill to be warmer than downhill. This effect is explained by differences in heat capacity, conductivity, and infiltration. Therefore, in a changing climate, higher soil moisture could have a cooling effect on the active layer and attenuate warming from higher air temperatures.
Dylan R. Harp, Vitaly Zlotnik, Charles J. Abolt, Bob Busey, Sofia T. Avendaño, Brent D. Newman, Adam L. Atchley, Elchin Jafarov, Cathy J. Wilson, and Katrina E. Bennett
The Cryosphere, 15, 4005–4029, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Polygon-shaped landforms present in relatively flat Arctic tundra result in complex landscape-scale water drainage. The drainage pathways and the time to transition from inundated conditions to drained have important implications for heat and carbon transport. Using fundamental hydrologic principles, we investigate the drainage pathways and timing of individual polygons, providing insights into the effects of polygon geometry and preferential flow direction on drainage pathways and timing.
Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Barret L. Kurylyk, Michelle A. Walvoord, Victor F. Bense, Daniel Fortier, Christopher Spence, and Christophe Grenier
The Cryosphere, 15, 479–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is an underappreciated catalyst of environmental change in a warming Arctic. We provide evidence of how changing groundwater systems underpin surface changes in the north, and we argue for research and inclusion of cryohydrogeology, the study of groundwater in cold regions.
Andrew J. Hodson, Aga Nowak, Mikkel T. Hornum, Kim Senger, Kelly Redeker, Hanne H. Christiansen, Søren Jessen, Peter Betlem, Steve F. Thornton, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Snorre Olaussen, and Alina Marca
The Cryosphere, 14, 3829–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane stored below permafrost is an unknown quantity in the Arctic greenhouse gas budget. In coastal areas with rising sea levels, much of the methane seeps into the sea and is removed before it reaches the atmosphere. However, where land uplift outpaces rising sea levels, the former seabed freezes, pressurising methane-rich groundwater beneath, which then escapes via permafrost seepages called pingos. We describe this mechanism and the origins of the methane discharging from Svalbard pingos.
Christian G. Andresen, David M. Lawrence, Cathy J. Wilson, A. David McGuire, Charles Koven, Kevin Schaefer, Elchin Jafarov, Shushi Peng, Xiaodong Chen, Isabelle Gouttevin, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Duoying Ji, Guangsheng Chen, Daniel Hayes, and Wenxin Zhang
The Cryosphere, 14, 445–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-445-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-445-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Widely-used land models project near-surface drying of the terrestrial Arctic despite increases in the net water balance driven by climate change. Drying was generally associated with increases of active-layer depth and permafrost thaw in a warming climate. However, models lack important mechanisms such as thermokarst and soil subsidence that will change the hydrological regime and add to the large uncertainty in the future Arctic hydrological state and the associated permafrost carbon feedback.
Cited articles
Andersland, O. B., Wiggert, D. C., and Davies, S. H.: Hydraulic
conductivity of frozen granular soils, J. Environ. Eng., 122, 212–216, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:3(212), 1996.
Angulo-Jaramillo, R., Vandervaere, J.-P., Roulier, S., Thony, J.-L., Gaudet,
J.-P., and Vauclin, M.: Field measurement of soil surface hydraulic
properties by disc and ring infiltrometers: A review and recent
developments, Soil Till. Res., 55, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00098-2, 2000.
Ankeny, M. D., Ahmed, M., Kaspar, T. C., and Horton, R.: Simple field method
for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55,
467–470, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020028x, 1991.
Azmatch, T. F., Sego, D. C., Arenson, L. U., and Biggar, K. W.: Using soil
freezing characteristic curve to estimate the hydraulic conductivity
function of partially frozen soils, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 83, 103–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.07.002, 2012.
Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils revisited,
Water Resour. Res., 49, 3071–3092, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20156, 2013.
Bodhinayake, W., Si, B. C., and Xiao, C.: New method for determining
water-conducting macro-and mesoporosity from tension infiltrometer, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 760–769, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0760, 2004.
Burt, T. and Williams, P. J.: Hydraulic conductivity in frozen soils, Earth
Surf. Proc., 1, 349–360, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290010404, 1976.
Campbell, G. S.: Soil physics with BASIC: transport models for soil-plant
systems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.
Cheng, Q., Xu, Q., Cheng, X., Yu, S., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Yan, X., and Jones,
S. B.: In-situ estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in freezing
soil using improved field data and inverse numerical modeling, Agr. Forest.
Meteorol., 279, 107746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107746, 2019.
Cortis, A. and Berkowitz, B.: Anomalous transport in “classical” soil and
sand columns, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1539–1548, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1539,
2004.
Demand, D., Selker, J. S., and Weiler, M.: Influences of macropores on
infiltration into seasonally frozen soil, Vadose Zone J., 18, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.08.0147, 2019.
Ding, B., Rezanezhad, F., Gharedaghloo, B., Cappellen, P. V., and Passeport,
E.: Bioretention cells under cold climate conditions: Effects of freezing
and thawing on water infiltration, soil structure, and nutrient removal, Sci.
Total Environ., 649, 749–759, 2019.
Espeby, B.: Tracing the origin of natural waters in a glacial till slope
during snowmelt, J. Hydrol., 118, 107–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90253-T, 1990.
Flerchinger, G. N. and Saxton, K. E.: Simultaneous Heat and Water Model of
a Freezing Snow-Residue-Soil System I. Theory and Development, Am.
Soc. Agr. Eng., 32, 573–576, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.31041, 1989.
Fouli, Y., Cade-Menun, B. J., and Cutforth, H. W.: Freeze–thaw cycles and
soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils,
Can. J. Soil Sci., 93, 485–496, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2012-060, 2013.
Fu, Q., Zhao, H., Li, T., Hou, R., Liu, D., Ji, Y., Zhou, Z., and Yang, L.:
Effects of biochar addition on soil hydraulic properties before and after
freezing-thawing, Catena, 176, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.008, 2019.
Gao, B., Yang, D., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, T.: Change in frozen soils and its effect on regional hydrology, upper Heihe basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018.
Gao, H. and Shao, M.: Effects of temperature changes on soil hydraulic
properties, Soil Till. Res., 153, 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.05.003, 2015.
Gardner, W.: Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow
equation with application to evaporation from a water table, Soil Sci., 85,
228–232, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195804000-00006, 1958.
Granger, R. J., Gray, D. M., and Dyck, G. E.: Snowmelt infiltration to
frozen Prairie soils, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 669–677, https://doi.org/10.1139/e84-073, 1984.
Grevers, M., Jong, E. D., and St. Arnaud, R.: The characterization of soil
macroporosity with CT scanning, Can J Soil Sci., 69, 629–637, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-062, 1989.
Harlan, R.: Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen
soil, Water Resour. Res., 9, 1314–1323, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR009i005p01314, 1973.
Hayashi, M.: The Cold Vadose Zone: Hydrological and Ecological Significance
of Frozen-Soil Processes, Vadose Zone J., 12, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.03.0064, 2013.
Hayashi, M., van der Kamp, G., and Schmidt, R.: Focused infiltration of
snowmelt water in partially frozen soil under small depressions, J. Hydrol.,
270, 214–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00287-1, 2003.
Holten, R., Be, F. N., Almvik, M., Katuwal, S., and Eklo, O. M.: The effect
of freezing and thawing on water flow and MCPA leaching in partially frozen
soil, J. Contam. Hydrol., 219, 72–85, 2018.
Hussen, A. and Warrick, A.: Alternative analyses of hydraulic data from
disc tension infiltrometers, Water Resour. Res., 29, 4103–4108, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02404, 1993.
Jame, Y. W. and Norum, D. I.: Heat and mass transfer in a freezing
unsaturated porous medium, Water Resour. Res., 16, 811–819, 1980.
Jarvis, N.: A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in
soil macropores: Principles, controlling factors and consequences for water
quality, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 58, 523–546, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00915.x,
2007.
Jarvis, N., Koestel, J., and Larsbo, M.: Understanding Preferential Flow in
the Vadose Zone: Recent Advances and Future Prospects, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.09.0075, 2016.
Jiang, R.: Data for “Soil infiltration characteristics and pore distribution under freezing-thawing condition” .xlsx. figshare, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12965123.v4, 2020.
Konrad, J.-M. and Morgenstern, N. R.: A mechanistic theory of ice lens
formation in fine-grained soils, Can. Geotech. J., 17, 473–486, https://doi.org/10.1139/t80-056, 1980.
Land Administrative Bureau of Heilongjiang Province: Heilongjiang soil, Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1992.
Lavelle, P., Decaëns, T., Aubert, M., Barot, S. B., Blouin, M., Bureau,
F., Margerie, P., Mora, P., and Rossi, J.-P.: Soil invertebrates and
ecosystem services, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 42, S3–S15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.002, 2006.
Lewis, J. and Sjöstrom, J.: Optimizing the experimental design of soil
columns in saturated and unsaturated transport experiments, J. Contam. Hydrol.,
115, 1–13, 2010.
Lipiec, J., Kuś, J., Słowińska-Jurkiewicz, A., and Nosalewicz, A.:
Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods, Soil
Till. Res., 89, 210–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.07.012, 2006.
Lu, N. and Likos, W. J.: Unsaturated soil mechanics, Wiley, Hoboken, 2004.
Lundin, L.-C.: Hydraulic properties in an operational model of frozen soil,
J. Hydrol., 118, 289–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90264-X, 1990.
Luxmoore, R.: Micro-, meso-, and macroporosity of soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
45, 671–672, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500030051x, 1981.
McCauley, C. A., White, D. M., Lilly, M. R., and Nyman, D. M.: A comparison
of hydraulic conductivities, permeabilities and infiltration rates in frozen
and unfrozen soils, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 34, 117–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(01)00064-7, 2002.
Mohammed, A. A., Kurylyk, B. L., Cey, E. E., and Hayashi, M.: Snowmelt
infiltration and macropore flow in frozen soils: Overview, knowledge gaps,
and a conceptual framework, Vadose Zone J., 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0084, 2018.
Mohammed, A. A., Pavlovskii, I., Cey, E. E., and Hayashi, M.: Effects of preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning and groundwater recharge in frozen soils, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 5017–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5017-2019, 2019.
Nimmo, J. R.: Theory for Source-Responsive and Free-Surface Film Modeling of
Unsaturated Flow, Vadose Zone J., 9, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0085, 2010.
Nimmo, J. R.: Preferential flow occurs in unsaturated conditions, Hydrol. Process., 26, 786–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8380, 2012.
Nixon, J.: Discrete ice lens theory for frost heave in soils, Can. Geotech. J., 28, 843–859, https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-102, 1991.
Oswald, S., Kinzelbach, W., Greiner, A., and Brix, G.: Observation of flow
and transport processes in artificial porous media via magnetic resonance
imaging in three dimensions, Geoderma, 80, 417–429, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00064-5, 1997.
Oztas, T. and Fayetorbay, F.: Effect of freezing and thawing processes on
soil aggregate stability, Catena, 52, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00177-7,
2003.
Peng, X., Frauenfeld, O. W., Cao, B., Wang, K., Wang, H., Su, H., Huang, Z.,
Yue, D., and Zhang, T.: Response of changes in seasonal soil freeze/thaw
state to climate change from 1950 to 2010 across china, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 121, 1984–2000, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003876, 2016.
Perroux, K. M. and White, I.: Designs for Disc Permeameters, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 1205–1215, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200050001x, 1988.
Pittman, F., Mohammed, A., and Cey, E.: Effects of antecedent moisture and
macroporosity on infiltration and water flow in frozen soil, Hydrol. Process.,
34, 795–809, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13629, 2020.
Smith, M.: Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik,
Northwest Territories, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 283–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)90073-7, 1985.
Spaans, E. J.: The soil freezing characteristic: Its measurement and similarity to the soil moisture characteristic, PhD thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 126 pp., 1994.
Spaans, E. J. and Baker, J. M.: The soil freezing characteristic: Its
measurement and similarity to the soil moisture characteristic, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010005x, 1996.
Stadler, D., Stähli, M., Aeby, P., and
Flühler, H.: Dye tracing and image analysis for
quantifying water infiltration into frozen soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64,
505–516, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.642505x, 2000.
Stadler, D., Flühler, H., and and Jansson, P.-E.:
Modelling vertical and lateral water flow in frozen and sloped forest soil
plots, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 26, 181–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00017-7,
1997.
Stähli, M., Bayard, D., Wydler, H., and Flühler, H.: Snowmelt
Infiltration into Alpine Soils Visualized by Dye Tracer Technique, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 128–135, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0128:SIIASV]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Taina, I. A., Heck, R. J., Deen, W., and Ma, E. Y.: Quantification of
freeze–thaw related structure in cultivated topsoils using X-ray computer
tomography, Can. J. Soil Sci., 93, 533–553, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2012-044, 2013.
Tarnawski, V. R. and Wagner, B.: On the prediction of hydraulic
conductivity of frozen soils, Can. Geotech. J., 33, 176–180, https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-033, 1996.
van der Kamp, G., Hayashi, M., and Gallén, D.: Comparing the hydrology of
grassed and cultivated catchments in the semi-arid Canadian prairies, Hydrol. Process., 17, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1157, 2003.
Wan, X., and Yang, Z. J.: Pore water freezing characteristic in saline soils
based on pore size distribution, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 173,
103030.103031-103030.103012, 2020.
Wang, D., Yates, S., and Ernst, F.: Determining soil hydraulic properties
using tension infiltrometers, time domain reflectometry, and tensiometers,
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 318–325, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200020004x, 1998.
Wang, X., Chen, R., Liu, G., Yang, Y., Song, Y., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Han, C.,
Liu, X., Guo, S., Wang, L., and Zheng, Q.: Spatial distributions and
temporal variations of the near-surface soil freeze state across China under
climate change, Glob. Planet. Change, 172, 150–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.016, 2019.
Watanabe, K. and Flury, M.: Capillary bundle model of hydraulic
conductivity for frozen soil, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007012,
2008.
Watanabe, K. and Kugisaki, Y.: Effect of macropores on soil freezing and
thawing with infiltration, Hydrol. Process., 31, 270–278, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10939,
2017.
Watanabe, K. and Osada, Y.: Simultaneous measurement of unfrozen water
content and hydraulic conductivity of partially frozen soil near 0 C, Cold
Reg. Sci. Technol., 142, 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.08.002, 2017.
Watanabe, K. and Wake, T.: Hydraulic conductivity in frozen unsaturated
soil, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, 29 June–3 July 2008,
1927–1932, 2008.
Watanabe, K., Kito, T., Dun, S., Wu, J. Q., Greer, R. C., and Flury, M.:
Water infiltration into a frozen soil with simultaneous melting of the
frozen layer, Vadose Zone J., 12, vzj2011.0188, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0188, 2013.
Watson, K. and Luxmoore, R.: Estimating macroporosity in a forest watershed
by use of a tension infiltrometer, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 578–582, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030007x, 1986.
Williams, P. and Burt, T.: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity of frozen
soils, Can. Geotech. J., 11, 647–650, https://doi.org/10.1139/t74-066, 1974.
Williams, P. J. and Smith, M. W.: The frozen earth: fundamentals of
geocryology, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Wilson, G. and Luxmoore, R.: Infiltration, macroporosity, and mesoporosity
distributions on two forested watersheds, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 329–335, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200020005x, 1988.
Wooding, R.: Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond, Water Resour. Res., 4, 1259–1273, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR004i006p01259, 1968.
Zhao, Y., Nishimura, T., Hill, R., and Miyazaki, T.: Determining hydraulic
conductivity for air-filled porosity in an unsaturated frozen soil by the
multistep outflow method, Vadose Zone J., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0061,
2013.
Short summary
This paper outlines the results from laboratory tests of soil freezing impacts on infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity, and soil pore distribution characteristics. The results indicated that macropores (> 5 mm) accounted for < 1 % of the pore-volume-contributed half of the flow in unfrozen conditions and that the freezing of macropores resulted in considerable decreases in hydraulic conductivity. The results should be of interest for cold region hydrology in general.
This paper outlines the results from laboratory tests of soil freezing impacts on infiltration...