Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3843-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3843-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article: Geothermal heat flow in Antarctica: current and future directions
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3
0ET, UK
Ricarda Dziadek
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Am Alten Hafen, Bremerhaven, Germany
Carlos Martin
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3
0ET, UK
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Cited
57 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A continent-wide detailed geological map dataset of Antarctica S. Cox et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02152-9
- Deep drilling in Antarctic ice: Methods and perspectives P. Talalay https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104471
- Probabilistic Assessment of Antarctic Thermomechanical Structure: Impacts on Ice Sheet Stability J. Hazzard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB026653
- Stochastic Simulations of Bed Topography Constrain Geothermal Heat Flow and Subglacial Drainage Near Dome Fuji, East Antarctica C. Shackleton et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007269
- Quantifying temperature-sliding inconsistency in thermomechanical coupling: a comparative analysis of geothermal heat flux datasets at Totten Glacier J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-835-2026
- Automated Prediction of Gamburtsev Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica With Optimized Stacking Ensemble Learning Q. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3587133
- Strength of the lithosphere in Graham Land region (Antarctic Peninsula), derived from geological and geophysical data F. Linsalata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2025.230727
- Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions A. Geyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107941
- Assessing the potential for an ice core in the southern Antarctic Peninsula to elucidate Holocene climate history H. Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2735-2026
- Joint Inversion for Surface Accumulation Rate and Geothermal Heat Flow From Ice‐Penetrating Radar Observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part I: Model Description, Data Constraints, and Inversion Results M. Wolovick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005937
- Advances in sidewall-based replicate ice-coring technologies for ice-core research P. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.002
- Unveiling Antarctica's Heat: A Review of Geothermal Heat Flow Estimation and the Rise of Machine Learning . Priyanka Barikrao Palve & . Prof. S. P. Vidhate https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-17844
- Examining the effect of ice dynamic changes on subglacial hydrology through modelling of a synthetic Antarctic glacier A. Hayden & C. Dow https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.65
- Joint Inversion for Surface Accumulation Rate and Geothermal Heat Flow From Ice‐Penetrating Radar Observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part II: Ice Sheet State and Geophysical Analysis M. Wolovick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005936
- Mass Balances of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets Monitored from Space I. Otosaka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09795-8
- DeepHFMap: a deep neural network for mapping the heat flow distribution H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-025-02055-w
- Waveform tomography of the Antarctic Plate E. Chua & S. Lebedev https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf041
- Natural radioactivity and radiogenic heat production in Rundvågshetta bedrock, East Antarctica: Insights from gamma-ray spectrometry and geochemistry D. Panicker et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101360
- First glaciological investigations at Ridge B, central East Antarctica A. Ekaykin et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102021000171
- Anomalously High Heat Flow Regions Beneath the Transantarctic Mountains and Wilkes Subglacial Basin in East Antarctica Inferred From Curie Depth M. Lowe et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025423
- Geothermal heat flow from borehole measurements at the margin of Princess Elizabeth Land (East Antarctic Ice Sheet) P. Talalay et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.43
- Antarctic tipping points triggered by the mid-Pliocene warm climate J. Blasco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1919-2024
- Towards Closing the Polar Gap: New Marine Heat Flow Observations in Antarctica and the Arctic Ocean R. Dziadek et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010011
- Contemporary ice sheet thinning drives subglacial groundwater exfiltration with potential feedbacks on glacier flow A. Robel et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh3693
- Enhanced Prediction of Geothermal Heat Flow Using an Improved GBRT Model with Genetic Algorithm Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-025-10501-1
- Formation and persistence of glaciovolcanic voids explored with analytical and numerical models T. Unnsteinsson et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.8
- PetroChron Antarctica: A Geological Database for Interdisciplinary Use G. Sanchez et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC010154
- Using specularity content to evaluate eight geothermal heat flow maps of Totten Glacier Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-103-2024
- A one-dimensional temperature and age modeling study for selecting the drill site of the oldest ice core near Dome Fuji, Antarctica T. Obase et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2543-2023
- A new bootstrap technique to quantify uncertainty in estimates of ground surface temperature and ground heat flux histories from geothermal data F. Cuesta-Valero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7913-2022
- Integration of Geophysical and Geospatial Techniques to Evaluate Geothermal Energy at Siwa Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt E. Ghoneim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215094
- A review of the composition and chemistry of peridotite mantle xenoliths in volcanic rocks from Antarctica and their relevance to petrological and geophysical models for the lithospheric mantle A. Martin https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2021-26
- Meltwater generation in ice stream shear margins: case study in Antarctic ice streams M. Ranganathan et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0473
- ICEland-1: a geochronological database for reconstructing Late Quaternary glacier, relative sea level, and paleoclimate patterns in Iceland D. Harning et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3367-2026
- A geothermal heat flow model of Africa based on random forest regression M. Al-Aghbary et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.981899
- Applying machine learning to characterize and extrapolate the relationship between seismic structure and surface heat flow S. Zhang & M. Ritzwoller https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae218
- Review article: AntArchitecture – building an age–depth model from Antarctica's radiostratigraphy to explore ice-sheet evolution R. Bingham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025
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- The role of subglacial hydrology in Antarctic ice sheet dynamics and stability: a modelling perspective C. Dow https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.9
- Using Dark Fiber and Distributed Acoustic Sensing to Characterize a Geothermal System in the Imperial Valley, Southern California F. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025240
- Gravity, magnetics and geothermal heat flow of the Antarctic lithospheric crust and mantle F. Pappa & J. Ebbing https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2020-5
- A Sparse Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Constellation Concept for Remote Sensing of Antarctic Ice Sheet Temperature A. Akins et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3534466
- Crustal Structure across the West Antarctic Rift System from Multicomponent Ambient Noise Surface Wave Tomography T. Dylan Mikesell et al. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210026
- Comment on “Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream” by Smith-Johnsen et al. (2020) P. Bons et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021
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- Preservation of the Climatic Signal in the Old Ice Layers at the Dome B Area (Antarctica) A. Ekaykin et al. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823130066
- Crustal Heterogeneity of Antarctica Signals Spatially Variable Radiogenic Heat Production L. Li & A. Aitken https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106201
- An introduction to the geochemistry and geophysics of the Antarctic mantle A. Martin et al. https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2022-21
- A crustal thermal model of the conterminous United States constrained by multiple data sets: a Monte–Carlo approach S. Sui et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf118
- Geothermal Heat Flow and Thermal Structure of the Antarctic Lithosphere C. Haeger et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010501
- Ocean singularity analysis and global heat flow prediction reveal anomalous bathymetry and heat flow Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102013
- Borehole geophysical studies in glaciers. Part I: Borehole logging P. Talalay et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105357
- Active layer and permafrost thermal regimes in the ice-free areas of Antarctica F. Hrbáček et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104458
- Quantifying the past glacial movements in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica Y. Ray et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2021.100733
- Numerical modelling of geothermal heat flux and ice velocity influencing the thermal conditions of the Priestley Glacier trough (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) G. Marmoni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107959
- Iron supply to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica is dominated by circumpolar deepwater and continental subglacial sources V. Chinni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03264-x
57 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A continent-wide detailed geological map dataset of Antarctica S. Cox et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02152-9
- Deep drilling in Antarctic ice: Methods and perspectives P. Talalay https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104471
- Probabilistic Assessment of Antarctic Thermomechanical Structure: Impacts on Ice Sheet Stability J. Hazzard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB026653
- Stochastic Simulations of Bed Topography Constrain Geothermal Heat Flow and Subglacial Drainage Near Dome Fuji, East Antarctica C. Shackleton et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007269
- Quantifying temperature-sliding inconsistency in thermomechanical coupling: a comparative analysis of geothermal heat flux datasets at Totten Glacier J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-835-2026
- Automated Prediction of Gamburtsev Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica With Optimized Stacking Ensemble Learning Q. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3587133
- Strength of the lithosphere in Graham Land region (Antarctic Peninsula), derived from geological and geophysical data F. Linsalata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2025.230727
- Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions A. Geyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107941
- Assessing the potential for an ice core in the southern Antarctic Peninsula to elucidate Holocene climate history H. Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2735-2026
- Joint Inversion for Surface Accumulation Rate and Geothermal Heat Flow From Ice‐Penetrating Radar Observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part I: Model Description, Data Constraints, and Inversion Results M. Wolovick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005937
- Advances in sidewall-based replicate ice-coring technologies for ice-core research P. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.002
- Unveiling Antarctica's Heat: A Review of Geothermal Heat Flow Estimation and the Rise of Machine Learning . Priyanka Barikrao Palve & . Prof. S. P. Vidhate https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-17844
- Examining the effect of ice dynamic changes on subglacial hydrology through modelling of a synthetic Antarctic glacier A. Hayden & C. Dow https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.65
- Joint Inversion for Surface Accumulation Rate and Geothermal Heat Flow From Ice‐Penetrating Radar Observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part II: Ice Sheet State and Geophysical Analysis M. Wolovick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005936
- Mass Balances of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets Monitored from Space I. Otosaka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09795-8
- DeepHFMap: a deep neural network for mapping the heat flow distribution H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-025-02055-w
- Waveform tomography of the Antarctic Plate E. Chua & S. Lebedev https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf041
- Natural radioactivity and radiogenic heat production in Rundvågshetta bedrock, East Antarctica: Insights from gamma-ray spectrometry and geochemistry D. Panicker et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101360
- First glaciological investigations at Ridge B, central East Antarctica A. Ekaykin et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102021000171
- Anomalously High Heat Flow Regions Beneath the Transantarctic Mountains and Wilkes Subglacial Basin in East Antarctica Inferred From Curie Depth M. Lowe et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025423
- Geothermal heat flow from borehole measurements at the margin of Princess Elizabeth Land (East Antarctic Ice Sheet) P. Talalay et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.43
- Antarctic tipping points triggered by the mid-Pliocene warm climate J. Blasco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1919-2024
- Towards Closing the Polar Gap: New Marine Heat Flow Observations in Antarctica and the Arctic Ocean R. Dziadek et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010011
- Contemporary ice sheet thinning drives subglacial groundwater exfiltration with potential feedbacks on glacier flow A. Robel et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh3693
- Enhanced Prediction of Geothermal Heat Flow Using an Improved GBRT Model with Genetic Algorithm Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-025-10501-1
- Formation and persistence of glaciovolcanic voids explored with analytical and numerical models T. Unnsteinsson et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.8
- PetroChron Antarctica: A Geological Database for Interdisciplinary Use G. Sanchez et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC010154
- Using specularity content to evaluate eight geothermal heat flow maps of Totten Glacier Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-103-2024
- A one-dimensional temperature and age modeling study for selecting the drill site of the oldest ice core near Dome Fuji, Antarctica T. Obase et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2543-2023
- A new bootstrap technique to quantify uncertainty in estimates of ground surface temperature and ground heat flux histories from geothermal data F. Cuesta-Valero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7913-2022
- Integration of Geophysical and Geospatial Techniques to Evaluate Geothermal Energy at Siwa Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt E. Ghoneim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215094
- A review of the composition and chemistry of peridotite mantle xenoliths in volcanic rocks from Antarctica and their relevance to petrological and geophysical models for the lithospheric mantle A. Martin https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2021-26
- Meltwater generation in ice stream shear margins: case study in Antarctic ice streams M. Ranganathan et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0473
- ICEland-1: a geochronological database for reconstructing Late Quaternary glacier, relative sea level, and paleoclimate patterns in Iceland D. Harning et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3367-2026
- A geothermal heat flow model of Africa based on random forest regression M. Al-Aghbary et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.981899
- Applying machine learning to characterize and extrapolate the relationship between seismic structure and surface heat flow S. Zhang & M. Ritzwoller https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae218
- Review article: AntArchitecture – building an age–depth model from Antarctica's radiostratigraphy to explore ice-sheet evolution R. Bingham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025
- Investigating the internal structure of the Antarctic ice sheet: the utility of isochrones for spatiotemporal ice-sheet model calibration J. Sutter et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021
- Rare ice-base temperature measurements in Antarctica reveal a cold base in contrast with predictions P. Talalay et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02127-1
- The role of subglacial hydrology in Antarctic ice sheet dynamics and stability: a modelling perspective C. Dow https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.9
- Using Dark Fiber and Distributed Acoustic Sensing to Characterize a Geothermal System in the Imperial Valley, Southern California F. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025240
- Gravity, magnetics and geothermal heat flow of the Antarctic lithospheric crust and mantle F. Pappa & J. Ebbing https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2020-5
- A Sparse Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Constellation Concept for Remote Sensing of Antarctic Ice Sheet Temperature A. Akins et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3534466
- Crustal Structure across the West Antarctic Rift System from Multicomponent Ambient Noise Surface Wave Tomography T. Dylan Mikesell et al. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210026
- Comment on “Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream” by Smith-Johnsen et al. (2020) P. Bons et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021
- Distinguishing Between Internal Ice Deformation, Weertman Sliding, and Coulomb Friction in Antarctic Ice Sheet Surface Speeds H. Rosenshine & V. Tsai https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies3010005
- Preservation of the Climatic Signal in the Old Ice Layers at the Dome B Area (Antarctica) A. Ekaykin et al. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823130066
- Crustal Heterogeneity of Antarctica Signals Spatially Variable Radiogenic Heat Production L. Li & A. Aitken https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106201
- An introduction to the geochemistry and geophysics of the Antarctic mantle A. Martin et al. https://doi.org/10.1144/M56-2022-21
- A crustal thermal model of the conterminous United States constrained by multiple data sets: a Monte–Carlo approach S. Sui et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf118
- Geothermal Heat Flow and Thermal Structure of the Antarctic Lithosphere C. Haeger et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010501
- Ocean singularity analysis and global heat flow prediction reveal anomalous bathymetry and heat flow Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102013
- Borehole geophysical studies in glaciers. Part I: Borehole logging P. Talalay et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105357
- Active layer and permafrost thermal regimes in the ice-free areas of Antarctica F. Hrbáček et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104458
- Quantifying the past glacial movements in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica Y. Ray et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2021.100733
- Numerical modelling of geothermal heat flux and ice velocity influencing the thermal conditions of the Priestley Glacier trough (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) G. Marmoni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107959
- Iron supply to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica is dominated by circumpolar deepwater and continental subglacial sources V. Chinni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03264-x
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 05 Jun 2026
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest source for sea level rise. However, one key control on ice sheet flow remains poorly constrained: the effect of heat from the rocks beneath the ice sheet (known as
geothermal heat flow). Although this may not seem like a lot of heat, beneath thick, slow ice this heat can control how well the ice flows and can lead to melting of the ice sheet. We discuss the methods used to estimate this heat, compile existing data, and recommend future research.
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest source for sea level rise. However, one key control on...