The Cryosphere
The Cryosphere
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Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2089-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2089-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
Brief communication
 | 
15 Apr 2026
Brief communication |  | 15 Apr 2026

Brief communication: Uncertainties in Southern Ocean sea surface conditions and their impact on Antarctic climate over 1958–1978

Quentin Dalaiden and Ingo Bethke

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Cited articles

Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., Debernard, J. B., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., Drange, H., Roelandt, C., Seierstad, I. A., Hoose, C., and Kristjánsson, J. E.: The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 1: Description and basic evaluation of the physical climate, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 687–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-687-2013, 2013. a
Bromwich, D. H., Ensign, A., Wang, S. H., and Zou, X.: Major Artifacts in ERA5 2-m Air Temperature Trends Over Antarctica Prior to and During the Modern Satellite Era, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111907, 2024. a, b, c, d
Dalaiden, Q.: Atmospheric simulations from “Uncertainties in Southern Ocean sea surface conditions and their impact on Antarctic climate over 1958–1978”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17521381, 2025a. a
Dalaiden, Q.: Dynamical reconstruction of Southern Ocean and Antarctic climate variability since 1700, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15472051, 2025b. a
Dalaiden, Q., Rezsöhazy, J., Goosse, H., Thomas, E. R., Vladimirova, D. O., and Tetzner, D.: An Unprecedented Sea Ice Retreat in the Weddell Sea Driving an Overall Decrease of the Antarctic Sea-Ice Extent Over the 20th Century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104666, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104666, 2023. a
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Historical Antarctic climate before satellites contain uncertainties, a modern state-of-the-art atmospheric reanalysis indicates an unrealistically cold Antarctica in 1958–1978. We test how much of this bias comes from uncertain ocean and sea-ice conditions by performing two climate model ensembles with different ocean datasets. These differences affect Antarctic climate, but they explain only a fraction of the cold bias, meaning other factors also contribute.
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