The Cryosphere
The Cryosphere
TC
Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1635-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1635-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
Research article
 | 
19 Mar 2026
Research article |  | 19 Mar 2026

In situ monitoring of seasonally frozen ground using soil freezing characteristic curve in permittivity–temperature space

Hesam Salmabadi, Renato Pardo Lara, Aaron Berg, Alex Mavrovic, Chelene Hanes, Benoit Montpetit, and Alexandre Roy

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Short summary
Current satellite monitoring often oversimplifies soil freezing by assuming it happens exactly at 0°C. We analyzed ground data across Canada and found that soil often stays in a partially frozen state for months, even when air temperatures are well below freezing, revealing a major gap in how we track seasonally frozen ground. 
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