Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-567-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-567-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Landsat, MODIS, and VIIRS snow cover mapping algorithm performance as validated by airborne lidar datasets
Earth Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Karl Rittger
Earth Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Mark S. Raleigh
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Alex Michell
Earth Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Robert E. Davis
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
Edward H. Bair
Earth Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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58 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Snow Cover in the Arys River Basin (Western Tien Shan) A. Koshim et al.
- Improving climate model skill over High Mountain Asia by adapting snow cover parameterization to complex-topography areas M. Lalande et al.
- Evaluating Sentinel-1/-2 and MODIS fractional snow cover products for applications in alpine cosmic ray neutron snow monitoring N. Krebs et al.
- A new snow cover mapping algorithm for Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite FY-4A AGRI data L. He et al.
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- Impact of current and warmer climate conditions on snow cover loss in burned forests A. Koshkin et al.
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- Recreating the California New Year's Flood Event of 1997 in a Regionally Refined Earth System Model A. Rhoades et al.
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- Enhancing precision in evapotranspiration estimation: AI-powered downscaling of VIIRS LST N. Rafalia et al.
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- Which global reanalysis dataset has better representativeness in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau? S. Yan et al.
- High-resolution mountain topography can inform global snow vulnerability estimates A. Marshall et al.
- Long-Term Snow Cover Change in the Qilian Mountains (1986–2024): A High-Resolution Landsat-Based Analysis E. Huang et al.
- Assessment of snow cover mapping algorithms from Landsat surface reflectance data and application to automated snowline delineation X. Xiao & S. Liang
- Winter habitat indices from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imagery for the contiguous US D. Gudex-Cross et al.
- Performance Assessment of Four Data-Driven Machine Learning Models: A Case to Generate Sentinel-2 Albedo at 10 Meters H. Chen et al.
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- Daily seamless 30-m fractional snow cover mapping via an adaptive Time-Series approach C. Zhang et al.
- Detection of Winter Heat Wave Impact on Surface Runoff in a Periglacial Environment (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) R. Salzano et al.
- Modeling snow optical properties from single wavelength airborne lidar in steep forested terrain B. Wilder et al.
- Assessment of methods for mapping snow albedo from MODIS R. Palomaki et al.
- Improving Surface Property Retrievals in Boreal Seasonal Snowpacks Through Multiscale Modeling of Subgrid Reflectance S. Singh & A. Barros
- Advances and prospects in reconstruction approaches for snow cover mapping using polar-orbiting satellites J. Zhang et al.
- Snow cover mapping with Meteosat third generation FCI: initial evaluation of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites H SAF H43 snow mask product S. Kuter et al.
- Evaluating the utility of Sentinel-1 in a Data Assimilation System for estimating snow depth in a mountainous basin B. Mirza et al.
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- Intercomparison of snow water equivalent products in the Sierra Nevada California using airborne snow observatory data and ground observations K. Yang et al.
- Towards a gapless 1 km fractional snow cover via a data fusion framework X. Xiao et al.
- Exploring the Links Between Variations in Snow Cover Area and Climatic Variables Across the Upper Indus Basin Under a Changing Climate H. Muzammal et al.
- A generalized enhanced snow/ice index based on Landsat imagery for accurate snow/ice mapping in mountainous areas G. Deng et al.
- Satellite-Based Assessment of Snow Dynamics and Climatic Drivers in the Changbai Mountain Region (2001–2022) X. Hua et al.
- Machine learning-based estimation of fractional snow cover in the Hindukush Mountains using MODIS and Landsat data A. Haseeb Azizi et al.
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- Neural Network Algorithms for Estimating Snow Depth and Scattering Mean Free Path from ICESat-2 Measurements of Multiple Scattering Inside Snow Y. Zhou et al.
- Pursuit and escape drive fine-scale movement variation during migration in a temperate alpine ungulate C. John et al.
- Snow persistence lowers and delays peak NDVI, the vegetation index that underpins Arctic greening analyses C. Hoad et al.
- Measurement error in remotely sensed fractional snow cover datasets: implications for ecological research R. Jacques-Hamilton et al.
- Advances in image-based estimation of snow variable: A systematic literature review on recent studies G. Demil et al.
- Morphological indexes to describe snow-cover patterns in a high-alpine area L. Ferrarin et al.
- Investigating the Impact of Optical Snow Cover Data on L-Band InSAR Snow Water Equivalent Retrievals J. Tarricone et al.
- Remote sensing of mountain snow from space: status and recommendations S. Gascoin et al.
- Observing decreasing snow cover and increasing surface temperature across the Andes with remotely sensed and reanalysis data K. Kim et al.
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- Spatio-temporal patterns and trends in MODIS-retrieved radiative forcing by snow impurities over the Western US from 2001 to 2022 A. Jensen et al.
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al.
- Mathematically Improved XGBoost Algorithm for Truck Hoisting Detection in Container Unloading N. Wu et al.
- Evaluating the performance of the EUMETSAT H SAF H35 fractional snow-covered area product over the Tibetan Plateau S. Kuter et al.
- Combining Daily Sensor Observations and Spatial LiDAR Data for Mapping Snow Water Equivalent in a Sub‐Alpine Forest J. Geissler et al.
- MODIS daily cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover dataset of the Asian Water Tower region (2000–2022) F. Pan et al.
- Accuracy assessment of cloud removal methods for Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow data in the Tianshan Mountains, China Q. Wang et al.
- Snow cover analysis using NDSI and SWI indices in Pindari-Kafni Glacier valleys, Kumaon Himalaya P. Chauhan et al.
- Computationally Efficient Retrieval of Snow Surface Properties From Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements Through Dimensionality Reduction Using K-Means Clustering B. Wilder et al.
- Snow monitoring at strategic locations improves water supply forecasting more than basin-wide mapping M. Raleigh et al.
- Monitoring snow cover dynamics at 30-m resolution in higher latitude regions using Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 M. Bonney & Y. Zhang
- Estimating snow accumulation and ablation with L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) J. Tarricone et al.
58 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Snow Cover in the Arys River Basin (Western Tien Shan) A. Koshim et al.
- Improving climate model skill over High Mountain Asia by adapting snow cover parameterization to complex-topography areas M. Lalande et al.
- Evaluating Sentinel-1/-2 and MODIS fractional snow cover products for applications in alpine cosmic ray neutron snow monitoring N. Krebs et al.
- A new snow cover mapping algorithm for Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite FY-4A AGRI data L. He et al.
- ChinaAI-FSC: a comprehensive AI-ready MODIS fractional snow cover dataset for China (2000–2022) J. Hou et al.
- Impact of current and warmer climate conditions on snow cover loss in burned forests A. Koshkin et al.
- How do tradeoffs in satellite spatial and temporal resolution impact snow water equivalent reconstruction? E. Bair et al.
- Recreating the California New Year's Flood Event of 1997 in a Regionally Refined Earth System Model A. Rhoades et al.
- Assessment of Maximum Snow-Water Equivalent in the Uba River Basin (Altai) Using the Temperature-Based Melt-Index Method N. Bykov et al.
- Impact of topography and meteorological forcing on snow simulation in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC) L. Wang et al.
- Enhancing precision in evapotranspiration estimation: AI-powered downscaling of VIIRS LST N. Rafalia et al.
- UAV LiDAR surveys and machine learning improve snow depth and water equivalent estimates in boreal landscapes M. Ylönen et al.
- A new approach to net solar radiation in a spatially distributed snow energy balance model to improve snowmelt timing J. Meyer et al.
- Which global reanalysis dataset has better representativeness in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau? S. Yan et al.
- High-resolution mountain topography can inform global snow vulnerability estimates A. Marshall et al.
- Long-Term Snow Cover Change in the Qilian Mountains (1986–2024): A High-Resolution Landsat-Based Analysis E. Huang et al.
- Assessment of snow cover mapping algorithms from Landsat surface reflectance data and application to automated snowline delineation X. Xiao & S. Liang
- Winter habitat indices from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imagery for the contiguous US D. Gudex-Cross et al.
- Performance Assessment of Four Data-Driven Machine Learning Models: A Case to Generate Sentinel-2 Albedo at 10 Meters H. Chen et al.
- Object-based ensemble estimation of snow depth and snow water equivalent over multiple months in Sodankylä, Finland D. Brodylo et al.
- Daily seamless 30-m fractional snow cover mapping via an adaptive Time-Series approach C. Zhang et al.
- Detection of Winter Heat Wave Impact on Surface Runoff in a Periglacial Environment (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) R. Salzano et al.
- Modeling snow optical properties from single wavelength airborne lidar in steep forested terrain B. Wilder et al.
- Assessment of methods for mapping snow albedo from MODIS R. Palomaki et al.
- Improving Surface Property Retrievals in Boreal Seasonal Snowpacks Through Multiscale Modeling of Subgrid Reflectance S. Singh & A. Barros
- Advances and prospects in reconstruction approaches for snow cover mapping using polar-orbiting satellites J. Zhang et al.
- Snow cover mapping with Meteosat third generation FCI: initial evaluation of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites H SAF H43 snow mask product S. Kuter et al.
- Evaluating the utility of Sentinel-1 in a Data Assimilation System for estimating snow depth in a mountainous basin B. Mirza et al.
- Forest Snow Patterns Derived Using ClustSnow Are Temporally Persistent Under Variable Environmental Conditions J. Geissler et al.
- Intercomparison of snow water equivalent products in the Sierra Nevada California using airborne snow observatory data and ground observations K. Yang et al.
- Towards a gapless 1 km fractional snow cover via a data fusion framework X. Xiao et al.
- Exploring the Links Between Variations in Snow Cover Area and Climatic Variables Across the Upper Indus Basin Under a Changing Climate H. Muzammal et al.
- A generalized enhanced snow/ice index based on Landsat imagery for accurate snow/ice mapping in mountainous areas G. Deng et al.
- Satellite-Based Assessment of Snow Dynamics and Climatic Drivers in the Changbai Mountain Region (2001–2022) X. Hua et al.
- Machine learning-based estimation of fractional snow cover in the Hindukush Mountains using MODIS and Landsat data A. Haseeb Azizi et al.
- Snow cover detection using remote sensing techniques over different climate zones of Türkiye G. Çakir et al.
- Neural Network Algorithms for Estimating Snow Depth and Scattering Mean Free Path from ICESat-2 Measurements of Multiple Scattering Inside Snow Y. Zhou et al.
- Pursuit and escape drive fine-scale movement variation during migration in a temperate alpine ungulate C. John et al.
- Snow persistence lowers and delays peak NDVI, the vegetation index that underpins Arctic greening analyses C. Hoad et al.
- Measurement error in remotely sensed fractional snow cover datasets: implications for ecological research R. Jacques-Hamilton et al.
- Advances in image-based estimation of snow variable: A systematic literature review on recent studies G. Demil et al.
- Morphological indexes to describe snow-cover patterns in a high-alpine area L. Ferrarin et al.
- Investigating the Impact of Optical Snow Cover Data on L-Band InSAR Snow Water Equivalent Retrievals J. Tarricone et al.
- Remote sensing of mountain snow from space: status and recommendations S. Gascoin et al.
- Observing decreasing snow cover and increasing surface temperature across the Andes with remotely sensed and reanalysis data K. Kim et al.
- Fusing Climate Data Products Using a Spatially Varying Autoencoder J. Johnson et al.
- Spatio-temporal patterns and trends in MODIS-retrieved radiative forcing by snow impurities over the Western US from 2001 to 2022 A. Jensen et al.
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al.
- Mathematically Improved XGBoost Algorithm for Truck Hoisting Detection in Container Unloading N. Wu et al.
- Evaluating the performance of the EUMETSAT H SAF H35 fractional snow-covered area product over the Tibetan Plateau S. Kuter et al.
- Combining Daily Sensor Observations and Spatial LiDAR Data for Mapping Snow Water Equivalent in a Sub‐Alpine Forest J. Geissler et al.
- MODIS daily cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover dataset of the Asian Water Tower region (2000–2022) F. Pan et al.
- Accuracy assessment of cloud removal methods for Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow data in the Tianshan Mountains, China Q. Wang et al.
- Snow cover analysis using NDSI and SWI indices in Pindari-Kafni Glacier valleys, Kumaon Himalaya P. Chauhan et al.
- Computationally Efficient Retrieval of Snow Surface Properties From Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements Through Dimensionality Reduction Using K-Means Clustering B. Wilder et al.
- Snow monitoring at strategic locations improves water supply forecasting more than basin-wide mapping M. Raleigh et al.
- Monitoring snow cover dynamics at 30-m resolution in higher latitude regions using Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 M. Bonney & Y. Zhang
- Estimating snow accumulation and ablation with L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) J. Tarricone et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Short summary
Understanding global snow cover is critical for comprehending climate change and its impacts on the lives of billions of people. Satellites are the best way to monitor global snow cover, yet snow varies at a finer spatial resolution than most satellite images. We assessed subpixel snow mapping methods across a spectrum of conditions using airborne lidar. Spectral-unmixing methods outperformed older operational methods and are ready to to advance snow cover mapping at the global scale.
Understanding global snow cover is critical for comprehending climate change and its impacts on...