Articles | Volume 17, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 20 Jul 2023
| 20 Jul 2023
Meltwater runoff and glacier mass balance in the high Arctic: 1991–2022 simulations for Svalbard
Louise Steffensen Schmidt
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Thomas Vikhamar Schuler
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Erin Emily Thomas
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
currently at: Fluid Dynamics and Solid Mechanics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Sebastian Westermann
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Cited
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The climatic mass balance of glaciers on Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, 1991–2022 L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.97
- Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers A. Spolaor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024
- Witnessing the transition from cold to temperate firn on Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, through observations and model simulations S. Innanen et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10072
- Glacier internal structure revealed by automatic image processing-powered classification of radar images K. Kachniarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-025-00635-5
- The vertical structure of the troposphere and its connection to the surface mass balance of Flade Isblink in northeast Greenland J. Fipper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-683-2026
- Ocean warming drives immediate mass loss from calving glaciers in the high Arctic Ø. Foss et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54825-7
- Svalbard’s 2024 record summer: An early view of Arctic glacier meltdown? T. Schuler et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2503806122
- An agenda for the future of Arctic snow research: the view from Svalbard C. Zdanowicz et al. https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v42.8827
- Run-off impacts on Arctic kelp holobionts have strong implications on ecosystem functioning and bioeconomy S. Niedzwiedz et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82287-w
- Resolving the climate-controlled hydrological regime in a model permafrost catchment for future management strategies Ł. Stachnik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125189
- High temporal resolution records of the velocity of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard M. Błaszczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024
- Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard C. Bouchayer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
- Observed positive feedback between surface ablation and crevasse formation drives glacier acceleration and potential surge U. Nanni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66349-9
- Influence of Meltwater Percolation on Preservation of Organic Aerosol Tracers in Glacier Archives C. Huber et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09791
- Glacier surge activity over Svalbard from 1992 to 2025 interpreted using heritage satellite radar missions and Sentinel-1 T. Strozzi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1679-2026
- Holocene glacial history of southern Spitsbergen A. Osika et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109811
- The role of large-scale atmospheric patterns for recent warming periods in Greenland from 1900–2015 F. Schalamon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1075-2025
- Seasonal changes in the viability and abundance of bacterial cells in the snowpack ecosystem of a High Arctic ice cap A. Dayal et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2024.2407711
- Mechanisms of warm-water intrusions onto the West Spitsbergen Shelf during winter L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2419-2025
- Shelf–fjord-exchange variability in western Svalbard based on Lagrangian particle tracking L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.109970
- Integration of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry as a Solution for Studying Shoreline Change in NW Spitsbergen, Svalbard K. Czarnecki & I. Sobota https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-026-01682-w
- Greenland Monthly Accumulation Maps (1960–2022): A Statistical Semi-Empirical Bias-Adjustment Model J. Lindsey-Clark et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1463-2026
- Surface energy and mass balance variations near the equilibrium line altitude on Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern Greenland, 2012–2022 M. Nishimura et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10159
- Pervasive glacier retreats across Svalbard from 1985 to 2023 T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55948-1
- Winter snow accumulation variability and evaluation of reanalysis data over A.P. Olsen Ice Cap, Northeast Greenland A. Rutishauser et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10080
- Accumulation and secondary release of legacy Pb in high Arctic glaciers of Svalbard: Insights from Pb isotopes Y. Xue et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.110015
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The climatic mass balance of glaciers on Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, 1991–2022 L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.97
- Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers A. Spolaor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024
- Witnessing the transition from cold to temperate firn on Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, through observations and model simulations S. Innanen et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10072
- Glacier internal structure revealed by automatic image processing-powered classification of radar images K. Kachniarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-025-00635-5
- The vertical structure of the troposphere and its connection to the surface mass balance of Flade Isblink in northeast Greenland J. Fipper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-683-2026
- Ocean warming drives immediate mass loss from calving glaciers in the high Arctic Ø. Foss et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54825-7
- Svalbard’s 2024 record summer: An early view of Arctic glacier meltdown? T. Schuler et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2503806122
- An agenda for the future of Arctic snow research: the view from Svalbard C. Zdanowicz et al. https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v42.8827
- Run-off impacts on Arctic kelp holobionts have strong implications on ecosystem functioning and bioeconomy S. Niedzwiedz et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82287-w
- Resolving the climate-controlled hydrological regime in a model permafrost catchment for future management strategies Ł. Stachnik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125189
- High temporal resolution records of the velocity of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard M. Błaszczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024
- Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard C. Bouchayer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
- Observed positive feedback between surface ablation and crevasse formation drives glacier acceleration and potential surge U. Nanni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66349-9
- Influence of Meltwater Percolation on Preservation of Organic Aerosol Tracers in Glacier Archives C. Huber et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09791
- Glacier surge activity over Svalbard from 1992 to 2025 interpreted using heritage satellite radar missions and Sentinel-1 T. Strozzi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1679-2026
- Holocene glacial history of southern Spitsbergen A. Osika et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109811
- The role of large-scale atmospheric patterns for recent warming periods in Greenland from 1900–2015 F. Schalamon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1075-2025
- Seasonal changes in the viability and abundance of bacterial cells in the snowpack ecosystem of a High Arctic ice cap A. Dayal et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2024.2407711
- Mechanisms of warm-water intrusions onto the West Spitsbergen Shelf during winter L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2419-2025
- Shelf–fjord-exchange variability in western Svalbard based on Lagrangian particle tracking L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.109970
- Integration of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry as a Solution for Studying Shoreline Change in NW Spitsbergen, Svalbard K. Czarnecki & I. Sobota https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-026-01682-w
- Greenland Monthly Accumulation Maps (1960–2022): A Statistical Semi-Empirical Bias-Adjustment Model J. Lindsey-Clark et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1463-2026
- Surface energy and mass balance variations near the equilibrium line altitude on Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern Greenland, 2012–2022 M. Nishimura et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10159
- Pervasive glacier retreats across Svalbard from 1985 to 2023 T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55948-1
- Winter snow accumulation variability and evaluation of reanalysis data over A.P. Olsen Ice Cap, Northeast Greenland A. Rutishauser et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10080
- Accumulation and secondary release of legacy Pb in high Arctic glaciers of Svalbard: Insights from Pb isotopes Y. Xue et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.110015
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Jul 2026
Short summary
Here, we present high-resolution simulations of glacier mass balance (the gain and loss of ice over a year) and runoff on Svalbard from 1991–2022, one of the fastest warming regions in the Arctic. The simulations are created using the CryoGrid community model. We find a small overall loss of mass over the simulation period of −0.08 m yr−1 but with no statistically significant trend. The average runoff was found to be 41 Gt yr−1, with a significant increasing trend of 6.3 Gt per decade.
Here, we present high-resolution simulations of glacier mass balance (the gain and loss of ice...
