Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 11 Feb 2022
| 11 Feb 2022
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
Institute for Hydrology and Water Management, BOKU University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Patrick Henkel
ANavS GmbH, Munich, Germany
Markus Lamm
ANavS GmbH, Munich, Germany
Florian Appel
VISTA Remote Sensing in Geosciences GmbH, Munich, Germany
Christoph Marty
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
Jürg Schweizer
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil water components control plant water uptake along a subalpine elevation gradient on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau J. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109827
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al. 10.1007/s40641-025-00207-0
- (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB L. Steiner et al. 10.3390/s22186918
- Multi-decadal observations in the Alps reveal less and wetter snow, with increasing variability C. Marty et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1165861
- A Review of the Hydrologic Response Mechanisms During Mountain Rain-on-Snow W. Brandt et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.791760
- Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017 K. Haleakala et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac295
- A Forward Model and Inversion Algorithm for Near-Surface Soil Moisture Estimation With GNSS Refraction Pattern Technique Y. Li et al. 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3381441
- Characterizing snow droughts and deluges in the Sacramento River Basin, California using GNSS-derived snow depth (2009–2023) H. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134336
- An empirical model to calculate snow depth from daily snow water equivalent: SWE2HS 1.0 J. Aschauer et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023
- Combined GNSS reflectometry–refractometry for automated and continuous in situ surface mass balance estimation on an Antarctic ice shelf L. Steiner et al. 10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023
- Expanding the range of snow water equivalent retrieval based on vertical combined GNSS receivers K. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117292
- An Improved Model for Wheat Volumetric Water Content Estimation Using GNSS Refractometry Y. Li et al. 10.1109/LGRS.2025.3554789
- Assessing the Snow Water Equivalent Dynamics of the Brahmaputra River Basin S. Rani et al. 10.17491/jgsi/2025/174080
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil water components control plant water uptake along a subalpine elevation gradient on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau J. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109827
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al. 10.1007/s40641-025-00207-0
- (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB L. Steiner et al. 10.3390/s22186918
- Multi-decadal observations in the Alps reveal less and wetter snow, with increasing variability C. Marty et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1165861
- A Review of the Hydrologic Response Mechanisms During Mountain Rain-on-Snow W. Brandt et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.791760
- Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017 K. Haleakala et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac295
- A Forward Model and Inversion Algorithm for Near-Surface Soil Moisture Estimation With GNSS Refraction Pattern Technique Y. Li et al. 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3381441
- Characterizing snow droughts and deluges in the Sacramento River Basin, California using GNSS-derived snow depth (2009–2023) H. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134336
- An empirical model to calculate snow depth from daily snow water equivalent: SWE2HS 1.0 J. Aschauer et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023
- Combined GNSS reflectometry–refractometry for automated and continuous in situ surface mass balance estimation on an Antarctic ice shelf L. Steiner et al. 10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023
- Expanding the range of snow water equivalent retrieval based on vertical combined GNSS receivers K. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117292
- An Improved Model for Wheat Volumetric Water Content Estimation Using GNSS Refractometry Y. Li et al. 10.1109/LGRS.2025.3554789
- Assessing the Snow Water Equivalent Dynamics of the Brahmaputra River Basin S. Rani et al. 10.17491/jgsi/2025/174080
Latest update: 01 Nov 2025
Short summary
Snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and liquid water content (LWC) can vary considerably with climatic conditions and elevation. We show that low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors as GPS can be used for reliably measuring the amount of water stored in the snowpack or snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth and the LWC under a broad range of climatic conditions met at different elevations in the Swiss Alps.
Snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and liquid water content (LWC) can vary considerably...
