Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3775-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3775-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 22 Sep 2022
| 22 Sep 2022
An 11-year record of wintertime snow-surface energy balance and sublimation at 4863 m a.s.l. on the Chhota Shigri Glacier moraine (western Himalaya, India)
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
Thupstan Angchuk
DST's Centre of Excellence, Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok 737102, India
Mohd Farooq Azam
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
Alagappan Ramanathan
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
Patrick Wagnon
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
Mohd Soheb
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
Chetan Singh
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Cited
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Surface energy and mass balance of Mera Glacier (Nepal, Central Himalaya) and their sensitivity to temperature and precipitation A. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.42
- Snow cover sublimation on the Svalbard during spring I. Vasilevich et al. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2025-71-1-17-31
- Seven-decade of mass balance change in selected large Himalayan and Karakoram glaciers: Climatic drivers and regional contrasts M. Hussain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105361
- Westerly winds impact glacier energy balance and sublimation at August-one glacier in northern Tibetan Plateau S. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113543
- A long-term mass-balance reconstruction (1974–2021) and a decadal in situ mass-balance record (2011–2021) of Rikha Samba Glacier, central Himalaya T. Gurung et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.93
- Snow avalanche in the Indian Himalayas: Hazard zonation and climate change trends in Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh, India J. Bansal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.103882
- Impact of the 2022 heatwave and 2023 extreme summer snowfall on the mass balance of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya H. Kaushik et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43456-1
- Uneven global retreat of persistent mountain snow cover alongside mountain warming from ERA5-land M. Blau et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00829-5
- Classification, heterogeneity, and evolution of snow drought in Xinjiang under climate warming H. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-025-1964-6
- A parameterization for estimating ice sublimation in the Qilian mountains K. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104875
- Climate Warming Favoring Sublimation on a Westerlies‐Controlled Glacier of Tibetan Plateau S. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039332
- Deriving seasonal and annual surface mass balance for debris-covered glaciers from flow-corrected satellite stereo DEM time series S. Bhushan et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.57
- Hydrological regimes and evaporative flux partitioning at the climatic ends of high mountain Asia S. Fugger et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad25a0
- Linking basin-scale hydrology with climatic parameters in western Himalaya: Application of satellite data, temperature index modelling and in-situ observations S. Srivastava et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101936
- Analysis of energy balance and its role in melting over Gangotri and Saraswati glaciated region from 2001–2022 S. Alok et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02313-3
- Reanalysis of the longest mass balance series in Himalaya using a nonlinear model: Chhota Shigri Glacier (India) M. Azam et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5653-2024
- Land Surface Modeling in the Himalayas: On the Importance of Evaporative Fluxes for the Water Balance of a High‐Elevation Catchment P. Buri et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841
- In-situ and modelled debris thickness distribution on Panchi Nala Glacier (western Himalaya, India) and its impact on glacier state P. Garg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100254
- Cold‐Season Surface Energy Balance on East Rongbuk Glacier, Northern Slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038101
- Applicability of machine learning in modelling pan sublimation in cold regions K. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05864-7
- 气候变暖背景下新疆雪旱的分类、异质性和演变 宏. 朱 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072025-0363
- Western disturbances and climate variability: a review of recent developments K. Hunt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025
- Quantitative study of snow sublimation in the Altai Mountains H. Jianqiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109
- From ice to atmosphere: reviewing the coupled dynamics of heat fluxes in the cryosphere N. Ilyas et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-026-00484-z
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Surface energy and mass balance of Mera Glacier (Nepal, Central Himalaya) and their sensitivity to temperature and precipitation A. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.42
- Snow cover sublimation on the Svalbard during spring I. Vasilevich et al. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2025-71-1-17-31
- Seven-decade of mass balance change in selected large Himalayan and Karakoram glaciers: Climatic drivers and regional contrasts M. Hussain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105361
- Westerly winds impact glacier energy balance and sublimation at August-one glacier in northern Tibetan Plateau S. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113543
- A long-term mass-balance reconstruction (1974–2021) and a decadal in situ mass-balance record (2011–2021) of Rikha Samba Glacier, central Himalaya T. Gurung et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.93
- Snow avalanche in the Indian Himalayas: Hazard zonation and climate change trends in Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh, India J. Bansal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.103882
- Impact of the 2022 heatwave and 2023 extreme summer snowfall on the mass balance of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya H. Kaushik et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43456-1
- Uneven global retreat of persistent mountain snow cover alongside mountain warming from ERA5-land M. Blau et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00829-5
- Classification, heterogeneity, and evolution of snow drought in Xinjiang under climate warming H. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-025-1964-6
- A parameterization for estimating ice sublimation in the Qilian mountains K. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104875
- Climate Warming Favoring Sublimation on a Westerlies‐Controlled Glacier of Tibetan Plateau S. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039332
- Deriving seasonal and annual surface mass balance for debris-covered glaciers from flow-corrected satellite stereo DEM time series S. Bhushan et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.57
- Hydrological regimes and evaporative flux partitioning at the climatic ends of high mountain Asia S. Fugger et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad25a0
- Linking basin-scale hydrology with climatic parameters in western Himalaya: Application of satellite data, temperature index modelling and in-situ observations S. Srivastava et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101936
- Analysis of energy balance and its role in melting over Gangotri and Saraswati glaciated region from 2001–2022 S. Alok et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02313-3
- Reanalysis of the longest mass balance series in Himalaya using a nonlinear model: Chhota Shigri Glacier (India) M. Azam et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5653-2024
- Land Surface Modeling in the Himalayas: On the Importance of Evaporative Fluxes for the Water Balance of a High‐Elevation Catchment P. Buri et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841
- In-situ and modelled debris thickness distribution on Panchi Nala Glacier (western Himalaya, India) and its impact on glacier state P. Garg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100254
- Cold‐Season Surface Energy Balance on East Rongbuk Glacier, Northern Slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038101
- Applicability of machine learning in modelling pan sublimation in cold regions K. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05864-7
- 气候变暖背景下新疆雪旱的分类、异质性和演变 宏. 朱 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072025-0363
- Western disturbances and climate variability: a review of recent developments K. Hunt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025
- Quantitative study of snow sublimation in the Altai Mountains H. Jianqiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109
- From ice to atmosphere: reviewing the coupled dynamics of heat fluxes in the cryosphere N. Ilyas et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-026-00484-z
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Aug 2026
Short summary
Snow sublimation is an important component of glacier surface mass balance; however, it is seldom studied in detail in the Himalayan region owing to data scarcity. We present an 11-year record of wintertime snow-surface energy balance and sublimation characteristics at the Chhota Shigri Glacier moraine site at 4863 m a.s.l. The estimated winter sublimation is 16 %–42 % of the winter snowfall at the study site, which signifies how sublimation is important in the Himalayan region.
Snow sublimation is an important component of glacier surface mass balance; however, it is seldom...
