Articles | Volume 15, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Contrasting surface velocities between lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Himalayan region
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St
Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Tobias Bolch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St
Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Owen King
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St
Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Bert Wouters
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of
Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Douglas I. Benn
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St
Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Cited
59 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Glacial lakes control ice flow: new insights from satellite SAR PO-SBAS observations in Duiya Glacier, southern Tibetan Plateau Y. Shi et al.
- Lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Padam Valley, Ladakh Himalaya: A comparative assessment of dynamics and mass changes A. Rana et al.
- Future growth and decline of high mountain Asia's ice-dammed lakes and associated risk L. Compagno et al.
- A Glacial Lake Mapping Framework in High Mountain Areas: A Case Study of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau J. Hu et al.
- Contrasting Dynamic Behaviour of Five Lake-terminating Glaciers Draining the Vatnajökull Ice Cap and Links to Bedrock Topography N. Baurley et al.
- Glacier surface velocities in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, western Himalaya, India: Study using Landsat time series data (1992–2020) S. Das & M. Sharma
- Retreat and frontal ablation rates for Alaska’s lake-terminating glaciers: Investigating potential physical controls with implications for future stability N. Caldwell et al.
- Automated mapping of glacial lakes using multisource remote sensing data and deep convolutional neural network S. Kaushik et al.
- An Ice Loss Evaluation of Lake-Terminating Glaciers Based on Lake Bathymetry—A Case Study of the Jiongpu Glacier D. Li et al.
- Ice-flow adjustments during the transition from land- to lake-terminating status of Jiagai Glacier, Eastern Himalaya Y. Luo et al.
- Evolving glacier patterns in the Chenab River Basin (1993–2021): Drivers and environmental implications S. Garg et al.
- Seasonal variations in glacier velocity in the High Mountain Asia region during 2015–2020 Z. Zhang et al.
- Spatial heterogeneity, terminus environment effects and acceleration in mass loss of glaciers and ice caps across Greenland M. Grimes et al.
- Multi-decadal basal slip enhancement at Saskatchewan Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains N. Stevens et al.
- The emerging importance of ice-marginal lakes across Greenland C. Harpur et al.
- Multidisciplinary perspectives in understanding Himalayan glacial lakes in a climate challenged world N. Khadka et al.
- Sub-regional variability in the influence of ice-contact lakes on Himalayan glaciers A. Scoffield et al.
- Terminus thinning drives recent acceleration of a Greenlandic lake-terminating outlet glacier E. Holt et al.
- A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach G. Guillet et al.
- Exploring beneath the retreating ice: swath bathymetry reveals sub- to proglacial processes and longevity of future alpine glacial lakes S. Hosmann et al.
- Global mapping of lake-terminating glaciers J. Steiner et al.
- Land- to lake-terminating transition triggers dynamic thinning of a Bhutanese glacier Y. Sato et al.
- Modeling Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Process Chains and Effects From Artificial Lake‐Level Lowering at Gepang Gath Lake, Indian Himalaya A. Sattar et al.
- Transboundary flood and drought challenges: a case study of the Sutlej River in Pakistan M. Akram
- Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin S. Allen et al.
- Glaciological and climatological drivers of heterogeneous glacier mass loss in the Tanggula Shan (Central-Eastern Tibetan Plateau), since the 1960s O. King et al.
- High-Frequency observations of glacier ice velocities at Drang Drung Glacier, Western Himalaya, using a terrestrial time-lapse imaging system P. Singh et al.
- Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Impact of Proglacial Lake on Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Revealed by Multisource Remote Sensing X. Li et al.
- Underestimated mass loss from lake-terminating glaciers in the greater Himalaya G. Zhang et al.
- Examining the glacier-glacial lake interactions of potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) under changing climate in Shyok catchment of the Upper Indus Basin A. Rather et al.
- Characterizing Changes in Geometry and Flow Speeds of Land- and Lake-Terminating Glaciers at the Headwaters of Yarlung Zangbo River, Western Himalayas M. Zhou et al.
- Ecohydrological and geomorphological importance of glacial lakes T. Zhang et al.
- Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review Q. Ye et al.
- Rapidly changing lake-terminating glaciers in High Mountain Asia: a dataset from 1990 to 2022 Y. Luo et al.
- Earth Observation to Investigate Occurrence, Characteristics and Changes of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Rock Glaciers in the Poiqu River Basin (Central Himalaya) T. Bolch et al.
- Glacier structure influence on Himalayan ice‐front morphology M. Peacey et al.
- Long-term analysis of glaciers and glacier lakes in the Central and Eastern Himalaya V. Agarwal et al.
- Assessing the dynamic changes and the effect of buoyancy of lake-terminating Yanong Glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau with UAV surveys K. Wu et al.
- Deep learning outperforms existing algorithms in glacier surface velocity estimation with high-resolution data – the example of Austerdalsbreen, Norway H. Zandler et al.
- Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019 B. Rick et al.
- Spatially resolved glacial meltwater retainment in glacial lakes exerts increasing impacts in High Mountain Asia X. Wang et al.
- The Expanding of Proglacial Lake Amplified the Frontal Ablation of Jiongpu Co Glacier since 1985 X. Zhao et al.
- A generic framework for glacial lake outburst flood investigation: A case study of Zalai Tsho, Southeast Tibet W. Wang et al.
- Terminus change of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon, under a warming climate: retreat, thinning, slowdown and modified proglacial lake geometry B. Main et al.
- Timing and climatic-driven mechanisms of glacier advances in Bhutanese Himalaya during the Little Ice Age W. Yang et al.
- Ice‐Marginal Proglacial Lakes Across Greenland: Present Status and a Possible Future J. Carrivick et al.
- Thinning and dynamics of the glacier terminus at the Pasterze Glacier (Austria), 2016–2021 G. Seier et al.
- Glacier and glacial lake evolution in response to local climate forcing: A quantitative assessment in Ulugh Muztagh, Eastern Kunlun Mountains L. Chen et al.
- Rapid ice-marginal lake growth in Alaska driven by glacier retreat through bed overdeepenings D. McGrath et al.
- Glacier thinning, recession and advance, and the associated evolution of a glacial lake between 1966 and 2021 atAusterdalsbreen, westernNorway G. Seier et al.
- Mapping Glacial Lakes in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data I. Khan et al.
- Dynamic Evolution Modeling of a Lake-Terminating Glacier in the Western Himalayas Using a Two-Dimensional Higher-Order Flowline Model Z. Yan et al.
- Seasonal variations in proglacial lake area revealed by high spatial resolution planetscope satellite imagery A. Andrews et al.
- Factors influencing lake surface water temperature variability in West Greenland and the role of the ice sheet L. Carrea et al.
- Assessing the state, parameter-interlinkages and dynamic shift of glaciers in the western Himalaya P. Garg et al.
- Evolution, sedimentation and thermal state of the emerging pro‐glacial lakes at Witenwasserengletscher, Switzerland F. Hardmeier et al.
- Refined identification and expansion mechanisms of glacier-fed lakes in high mountain Asia B. Cao et al.
- Mass balance of lake terminating Gepang Gath glacier (western Himalaya, India) and the role of glacier–lake interactions B. Pratap et al.
- Ice-marginal proglacial lakes enhance outlet glacier velocities across Greenland C. Harpur et al.
59 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Glacial lakes control ice flow: new insights from satellite SAR PO-SBAS observations in Duiya Glacier, southern Tibetan Plateau Y. Shi et al.
- Lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Padam Valley, Ladakh Himalaya: A comparative assessment of dynamics and mass changes A. Rana et al.
- Future growth and decline of high mountain Asia's ice-dammed lakes and associated risk L. Compagno et al.
- A Glacial Lake Mapping Framework in High Mountain Areas: A Case Study of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau J. Hu et al.
- Contrasting Dynamic Behaviour of Five Lake-terminating Glaciers Draining the Vatnajökull Ice Cap and Links to Bedrock Topography N. Baurley et al.
- Glacier surface velocities in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, western Himalaya, India: Study using Landsat time series data (1992–2020) S. Das & M. Sharma
- Retreat and frontal ablation rates for Alaska’s lake-terminating glaciers: Investigating potential physical controls with implications for future stability N. Caldwell et al.
- Automated mapping of glacial lakes using multisource remote sensing data and deep convolutional neural network S. Kaushik et al.
- An Ice Loss Evaluation of Lake-Terminating Glaciers Based on Lake Bathymetry—A Case Study of the Jiongpu Glacier D. Li et al.
- Ice-flow adjustments during the transition from land- to lake-terminating status of Jiagai Glacier, Eastern Himalaya Y. Luo et al.
- Evolving glacier patterns in the Chenab River Basin (1993–2021): Drivers and environmental implications S. Garg et al.
- Seasonal variations in glacier velocity in the High Mountain Asia region during 2015–2020 Z. Zhang et al.
- Spatial heterogeneity, terminus environment effects and acceleration in mass loss of glaciers and ice caps across Greenland M. Grimes et al.
- Multi-decadal basal slip enhancement at Saskatchewan Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains N. Stevens et al.
- The emerging importance of ice-marginal lakes across Greenland C. Harpur et al.
- Multidisciplinary perspectives in understanding Himalayan glacial lakes in a climate challenged world N. Khadka et al.
- Sub-regional variability in the influence of ice-contact lakes on Himalayan glaciers A. Scoffield et al.
- Terminus thinning drives recent acceleration of a Greenlandic lake-terminating outlet glacier E. Holt et al.
- A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach G. Guillet et al.
- Exploring beneath the retreating ice: swath bathymetry reveals sub- to proglacial processes and longevity of future alpine glacial lakes S. Hosmann et al.
- Global mapping of lake-terminating glaciers J. Steiner et al.
- Land- to lake-terminating transition triggers dynamic thinning of a Bhutanese glacier Y. Sato et al.
- Modeling Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Process Chains and Effects From Artificial Lake‐Level Lowering at Gepang Gath Lake, Indian Himalaya A. Sattar et al.
- Transboundary flood and drought challenges: a case study of the Sutlej River in Pakistan M. Akram
- Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin S. Allen et al.
- Glaciological and climatological drivers of heterogeneous glacier mass loss in the Tanggula Shan (Central-Eastern Tibetan Plateau), since the 1960s O. King et al.
- High-Frequency observations of glacier ice velocities at Drang Drung Glacier, Western Himalaya, using a terrestrial time-lapse imaging system P. Singh et al.
- Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Impact of Proglacial Lake on Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Revealed by Multisource Remote Sensing X. Li et al.
- Underestimated mass loss from lake-terminating glaciers in the greater Himalaya G. Zhang et al.
- Examining the glacier-glacial lake interactions of potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) under changing climate in Shyok catchment of the Upper Indus Basin A. Rather et al.
- Characterizing Changes in Geometry and Flow Speeds of Land- and Lake-Terminating Glaciers at the Headwaters of Yarlung Zangbo River, Western Himalayas M. Zhou et al.
- Ecohydrological and geomorphological importance of glacial lakes T. Zhang et al.
- Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review Q. Ye et al.
- Rapidly changing lake-terminating glaciers in High Mountain Asia: a dataset from 1990 to 2022 Y. Luo et al.
- Earth Observation to Investigate Occurrence, Characteristics and Changes of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Rock Glaciers in the Poiqu River Basin (Central Himalaya) T. Bolch et al.
- Glacier structure influence on Himalayan ice‐front morphology M. Peacey et al.
- Long-term analysis of glaciers and glacier lakes in the Central and Eastern Himalaya V. Agarwal et al.
- Assessing the dynamic changes and the effect of buoyancy of lake-terminating Yanong Glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau with UAV surveys K. Wu et al.
- Deep learning outperforms existing algorithms in glacier surface velocity estimation with high-resolution data – the example of Austerdalsbreen, Norway H. Zandler et al.
- Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019 B. Rick et al.
- Spatially resolved glacial meltwater retainment in glacial lakes exerts increasing impacts in High Mountain Asia X. Wang et al.
- The Expanding of Proglacial Lake Amplified the Frontal Ablation of Jiongpu Co Glacier since 1985 X. Zhao et al.
- A generic framework for glacial lake outburst flood investigation: A case study of Zalai Tsho, Southeast Tibet W. Wang et al.
- Terminus change of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon, under a warming climate: retreat, thinning, slowdown and modified proglacial lake geometry B. Main et al.
- Timing and climatic-driven mechanisms of glacier advances in Bhutanese Himalaya during the Little Ice Age W. Yang et al.
- Ice‐Marginal Proglacial Lakes Across Greenland: Present Status and a Possible Future J. Carrivick et al.
- Thinning and dynamics of the glacier terminus at the Pasterze Glacier (Austria), 2016–2021 G. Seier et al.
- Glacier and glacial lake evolution in response to local climate forcing: A quantitative assessment in Ulugh Muztagh, Eastern Kunlun Mountains L. Chen et al.
- Rapid ice-marginal lake growth in Alaska driven by glacier retreat through bed overdeepenings D. McGrath et al.
- Glacier thinning, recession and advance, and the associated evolution of a glacial lake between 1966 and 2021 atAusterdalsbreen, westernNorway G. Seier et al.
- Mapping Glacial Lakes in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data I. Khan et al.
- Dynamic Evolution Modeling of a Lake-Terminating Glacier in the Western Himalayas Using a Two-Dimensional Higher-Order Flowline Model Z. Yan et al.
- Seasonal variations in proglacial lake area revealed by high spatial resolution planetscope satellite imagery A. Andrews et al.
- Factors influencing lake surface water temperature variability in West Greenland and the role of the ice sheet L. Carrea et al.
- Assessing the state, parameter-interlinkages and dynamic shift of glaciers in the western Himalaya P. Garg et al.
- Evolution, sedimentation and thermal state of the emerging pro‐glacial lakes at Witenwasserengletscher, Switzerland F. Hardmeier et al.
- Refined identification and expansion mechanisms of glacier-fed lakes in high mountain Asia B. Cao et al.
- Mass balance of lake terminating Gepang Gath glacier (western Himalaya, India) and the role of glacier–lake interactions B. Pratap et al.
- Ice-marginal proglacial lakes enhance outlet glacier velocities across Greenland C. Harpur et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 16 May 2026
Short summary
About 10 % of Himalayan glaciers flow directly into lakes. This study finds, using satellite imagery, that such glaciers show higher flow velocities than glaciers without ice–lake contact. In particular near the glacier tongue the impact of a lake on the glacier flow can be dramatic. The development of current and new meltwater bodies will influence the flow of an increasing number of Himalayan glaciers in the future, a scenario not currently considered in regional ice loss projections.
About 10 % of Himalayan glaciers flow directly into lakes. This study finds, using satellite...