Articles | Volume 15, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4201-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4201-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Brief communication: Evaluation of multiple density-dependent empirical snow conductivity relationships in East Antarctica
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Institute of Tibetan
Plateau & Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,
Beijing 100081, China
Tong Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Institute of Tibetan
Plateau & Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,
Beijing 100081, China
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Diyi Yang
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Institute of Tibetan
Plateau & Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,
Beijing 100081, China
Ian Allison
Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart,
Tasmania 7004, Australia
Tingfeng Dou
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Cunde Xiao
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,
Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Related authors
Ruiqi Nan, Biao Tian, Xingfeng Ling, Weijun Sun, Yixi Zhao, Dongqi Zhang, Chuanjin Li, Xin Wang, Jie Tang, Bo Yao, and Minghu Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-282, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-282, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first dataset of 11 fluorinated greenhouse gases observed in 2021 at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Most gas levels increased and were higher than at two other Antarctic stations. Their sources were linked to industrial activities such as refrigeration and electronics. Although limited to one year, the data provide important background information for detecting future changes in the Antarctic atmosphere.
Yueli Chen, Yun Xie, Xingwu Duan, and Minghu Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1265–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall erosivity maps are crucial for identifying key areas of water erosion. Due to the limited historical precipitation data, there are certain biases in rainfall erosivity estimates in China. This study develops a new rainfall erosivity map for mainland China using 1 min precipitation data from 60 129 weather stations, revealing that areas exceeding 4000 MJ mm ha−1 h−1yr−1 of annual rainfall erosivity are mainly concentrated in southern China and on the southern Tibetan Plateau.
Lijing Chen, Lei Zhang, Yong She, Zhaoliang Zeng, Yu Zheng, Biao Tian, Wenqian Zhang, Zhaohui Liu, Huizheng Che, and Minghu Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 727–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at Zhongshan Station varies seasonally, with lower values in summer and higher values in winter. Winter and spring AOD increases due to reduced fine-mode particles, while summer and autumn increases are linked to particle growth. Diurnal AOD variation correlates positively with temperature but negatively with wind speed and humidity. Backward trajectories show that aerosols on high-AOD (low-AOD) days primarily originate from the ocean (interior Antarctica).
Tianming Ma, Zhuang Jiang, Minghu Ding, Pengzhen He, Yuansheng Li, Wenqian Zhang, and Lei Geng
The Cryosphere, 18, 4547–4565, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a box model to evaluate the isotope effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange at Dome A, Antarctica. The results show clear and invisible diurnal changes in surface snow isotopes under summer and winter conditions, respectively. The model also predicts that the annual net effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange would be overall enrichments in snow isotopes since the effects in summer appear to be greater than those in winter at the study site.
Minghu Ding, Xiaowei Zou, Qizhen Sun, Diyi Yang, Wenqian Zhang, Lingen Bian, Changgui Lu, Ian Allison, Petra Heil, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5019–5035, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The PANDA automatic weather station (AWS) network consists of 11 stations deployed along a transect from the coast (Zhongshan Station) to the summit of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome A). It covers the different climatic and topographic units of East Antarctica. All stations record hourly air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction at two or three heights. The PANDA AWS dataset commences from 1989 and is planned to be publicly available into the future.
Yueli Chen, Xingwu Duan, Minghu Ding, Wei Qi, Ting Wei, Jianduo Li, and Yun Xie
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2681–2695, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2681-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2681-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the first annual rainfall erosivity dataset for the Tibetan Plateau in China. The dataset covers 71 years in a 0.25° grid. The reanalysis precipitation data are employed in combination with the densely spaced in situ precipitation observations to generate the dataset. The dataset can supply fundamental data for quantifying the water erosion, and extend our knowledge of the rainfall-related hazard prediction on the Tibetan Plateau.
Tingfeng Dou, Cunde Xiao, Jiping Liu, Qiang Wang, Shifeng Pan, Jie Su, Xiaojun Yuan, Minghu Ding, Feng Zhang, Kai Xue, Peter A. Bieniek, and Hajo Eicken
The Cryosphere, 15, 883–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can accelerate the surface ablation of sea ice, greatly influencing the ice–albedo feedback. We found that spring ROS events have shifted to earlier dates over the Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which is correlated with sea ice melt onset in the Pacific sector and most Eurasian marginal seas. There has been a clear transition from solid to liquid precipitation, leading to a reduction in spring snow depth on sea ice by more than −0.5 cm per decade since the 1980s.
Minghu Ding, Biao Tian, Michael C. B. Ashley, Davide Putero, Zhenxi Zhu, Lifan Wang, Shihai Yang, Chuanjin Li, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3529–3544, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dome A, is one of the harshest environments on Earth.To evaluate the characteristics of near-surface O3, continuous observations were carried out in 2016. The results showed different patterns between coastal and inland Antarctic areas that were characterized by high concentrations in cold seasons and at night. Short-range transport accounted for the O3 enhancement events (OEEs) during summer at DA, rather than efficient local production, which is consistent with previous studies.
Ruiqi Nan, Biao Tian, Xingfeng Ling, Weijun Sun, Yixi Zhao, Dongqi Zhang, Chuanjin Li, Xin Wang, Jie Tang, Bo Yao, and Minghu Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-282, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-282, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first dataset of 11 fluorinated greenhouse gases observed in 2021 at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Most gas levels increased and were higher than at two other Antarctic stations. Their sources were linked to industrial activities such as refrigeration and electronics. Although limited to one year, the data provide important background information for detecting future changes in the Antarctic atmosphere.
Tong Zhang, Wei Yang, Yuzhe Wang, Chuanxi Zhao, Qingyun Long, and Cunde Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-659, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-659, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the 2018 Sedongpu glacier detachment in Southeastern Tibet using a two-dimensional ice flow model that includes an ice stiffness and basal slip positive feedback mechanism. The model simulates rapid transitions in glacier flow, triggering detachment when ice stress exceeds yield strength. The results, including ice speed and duration, align with observations, demonstrating the potential for early warning of similar hazards in the region.
Yueli Chen, Yun Xie, Xingwu Duan, and Minghu Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1265–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall erosivity maps are crucial for identifying key areas of water erosion. Due to the limited historical precipitation data, there are certain biases in rainfall erosivity estimates in China. This study develops a new rainfall erosivity map for mainland China using 1 min precipitation data from 60 129 weather stations, revealing that areas exceeding 4000 MJ mm ha−1 h−1yr−1 of annual rainfall erosivity are mainly concentrated in southern China and on the southern Tibetan Plateau.
Lijing Chen, Lei Zhang, Yong She, Zhaoliang Zeng, Yu Zheng, Biao Tian, Wenqian Zhang, Zhaohui Liu, Huizheng Che, and Minghu Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 727–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at Zhongshan Station varies seasonally, with lower values in summer and higher values in winter. Winter and spring AOD increases due to reduced fine-mode particles, while summer and autumn increases are linked to particle growth. Diurnal AOD variation correlates positively with temperature but negatively with wind speed and humidity. Backward trajectories show that aerosols on high-AOD (low-AOD) days primarily originate from the ocean (interior Antarctica).
Tianming Ma, Zhuang Jiang, Minghu Ding, Pengzhen He, Yuansheng Li, Wenqian Zhang, and Lei Geng
The Cryosphere, 18, 4547–4565, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a box model to evaluate the isotope effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange at Dome A, Antarctica. The results show clear and invisible diurnal changes in surface snow isotopes under summer and winter conditions, respectively. The model also predicts that the annual net effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange would be overall enrichments in snow isotopes since the effects in summer appear to be greater than those in winter at the study site.
Tong Zhang, William Colgan, Agnes Wansing, Anja Løkkegaard, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, and Cunde Xiao
The Cryosphere, 18, 387–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal heat flux determines how much heat enters from beneath the ice sheet, and thus impacts the temperature and the flow of the ice sheet. In this study we investigate how much geothermal heat flux impacts the initialization of the Greenland ice sheet. We use the Community Ice Sheet Model with two different initialization methods. We find a non-trivial influence of the choice of heat flow boundary conditions on the ice sheet initializations for further designs of ice sheet modeling.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Diana O. Vladimirova, Dieter R. Tetzner, B. Daniel Emanuelsson, Nathan Chellman, Daniel A. Dixon, Hugues Goosse, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Michael Sigl, Danielle G. Udy, Tessa R. Vance, Dominic A. Winski, V. Holly L. Winton, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Akira Hori, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Joseph R. McConnell, Yuko Motizuki, Kazuya Takahashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoichi Nakai, Franciéle Schwanck, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Sarah Wauthy, Cunde Xiao, Jiao Yang, Ellen Mosely-Thompson, Tamara V. Khodzher, Ludmila P. Golobokova, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2517–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of sodium and sulfate measured in Antarctic ice cores is related to changes in both sea ice and winds. Here we have compiled a database of sodium and sulfate records from 105 ice core sites in Antarctica. The records span all, or part, of the past 2000 years. The records will improve our understanding of how winds and sea ice have changed in the past and how they have influenced the climate of Antarctica over the past 2000 years.
Zhiheng Du, Jiao Yang, Lei Wang, Ninglian Wang, Anders Svensson, Zhen Zhang, Xiangyu Ma, Yaping Liu, Shimeng Wang, Jianzhong Xu, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5349–5365, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5349-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5349-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset of the radiogenic strontium and neodymium isotopic compositions from the three poles (the third pole, the Arctic, and Antarctica) were integrated to obtain new findings. The dataset enables us to map the standardized locations in the three poles, while the use of sorting criteria related to the sample type permits us to trace the dust sources and sinks. The purpose of this dataset is to try to determine the variable transport pathways of dust at three poles.
Minghu Ding, Xiaowei Zou, Qizhen Sun, Diyi Yang, Wenqian Zhang, Lingen Bian, Changgui Lu, Ian Allison, Petra Heil, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5019–5035, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The PANDA automatic weather station (AWS) network consists of 11 stations deployed along a transect from the coast (Zhongshan Station) to the summit of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome A). It covers the different climatic and topographic units of East Antarctica. All stations record hourly air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction at two or three heights. The PANDA AWS dataset commences from 1989 and is planned to be publicly available into the future.
Yueli Chen, Xingwu Duan, Minghu Ding, Wei Qi, Ting Wei, Jianduo Li, and Yun Xie
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2681–2695, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2681-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2681-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the first annual rainfall erosivity dataset for the Tibetan Plateau in China. The dataset covers 71 years in a 0.25° grid. The reanalysis precipitation data are employed in combination with the densely spaced in situ precipitation observations to generate the dataset. The dataset can supply fundamental data for quantifying the water erosion, and extend our knowledge of the rainfall-related hazard prediction on the Tibetan Plateau.
Yetang Wang, Minghu Ding, Carleen H. Reijmer, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, Shugui Hou, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3057–3074, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3057-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3057-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate observation of surface mass balance (SMB) under climate change is essential for the reliable present and future assessment of Antarctic contribution to global sea level. This study presents a new quality-controlled dataset of Antarctic SMB observations at different temporal resolutions and is the first ice-sheet-scale compilation of multiple types of measurements. The dataset can be widely applied to climate model validation, remote sensing retrievals, and data assimilation.
Tingfeng Dou, Cunde Xiao, Jiping Liu, Qiang Wang, Shifeng Pan, Jie Su, Xiaojun Yuan, Minghu Ding, Feng Zhang, Kai Xue, Peter A. Bieniek, and Hajo Eicken
The Cryosphere, 15, 883–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can accelerate the surface ablation of sea ice, greatly influencing the ice–albedo feedback. We found that spring ROS events have shifted to earlier dates over the Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which is correlated with sea ice melt onset in the Pacific sector and most Eurasian marginal seas. There has been a clear transition from solid to liquid precipitation, leading to a reduction in spring snow depth on sea ice by more than −0.5 cm per decade since the 1980s.
Minghu Ding, Biao Tian, Michael C. B. Ashley, Davide Putero, Zhenxi Zhu, Lifan Wang, Shihai Yang, Chuanjin Li, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3529–3544, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dome A, is one of the harshest environments on Earth.To evaluate the characteristics of near-surface O3, continuous observations were carried out in 2016. The results showed different patterns between coastal and inland Antarctic areas that were characterized by high concentrations in cold seasons and at night. Short-range transport accounted for the O3 enhancement events (OEEs) during summer at DA, rather than efficient local production, which is consistent with previous studies.
Tong Zhang, Stephen F. Price, Matthew J. Hoffman, Mauro Perego, and Xylar Asay-Davis
The Cryosphere, 14, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, 2020
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over at least the past 3 decades in response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This study presents an ensemble of model simulations of the Antarctic evolution over the 2015–2100 period based on various ice sheet models, climate forcings and emission scenarios. Results suggest that the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue losing a large amount of ice, while the East Antarctic ice sheet could experience increased snow accumulation.
Cited articles
Anderson, E. A.: A Point Energy and Mass Balance Model of a Snow Cover, Technical Report, National Weather Service, United States, 1976.
Calonne, N., Flin, F., Morin, S., Lesaffre, B., Rolland du Roscoat, S., and
Geindreau, C.: Numerical and experimental investigations of the effective
thermal conductivity of snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 537–545,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049234, 2011.
Calonne, N., Milliancourt, L., Burr, A., Philip, A., Martin, C. L., Flin,
F., and Geindreau, C.: Thermal conductivity of snow, firn, and porous ice
from 3-D image-based computations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
13079–13089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085228, 2019.
Charalampidis, C., Van As, D., Colgan, W. T., Fausto, R. S., Macferrin, M.,
and Machguth, H.: Thermal tracing of retained meltwater in the lower
accumulation area of the Southwestern Greenland ice sheet, Ann.
Glaciol., 57, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.2, 2016.
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, 4th edn.,
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2010.
Demetrescu, C., Nitoiu, D., Boroneant, C., Marica, A., and Lucaschi, B.: Thermal signal propagation in soils in Romania: conductive and non-conductive processes, Clim. Past, 3, 637–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-637-2007, 2007.
Ding, M., Xiao, C., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, C., Yuan, N., Shi, G., Sun, W.,
and Ming, J.: Re-assessment of recent (2008-2013) surface mass balance over
Dome Argus, Antarctica, Polar Res., 35, 26133,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v35.26133, 2016.
Ding, M., Yang, D., van den Broeke, M. R., Allison, I., Xiao, C., Qin, D.,
and Huai, B.: The surface energy balance at Panda 1 Station, Princess
Elizabeth Land: a typical katabatic wind region in East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030378, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030378, 2020.
Ding, M., Zhang, T., and Allison, I.: Automatic Weather Station Data obtained at EAGLE, Antarctica, National Arctic and Antarctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.11856/SNS.D.2021.006.v0, 2021a.
Ding, M., Zhang, T., and Allison, I.: Automatic Weather Station Data obtained at LGB69, Antarctic a, National Arctic and Antarctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.11856/SNS.D.2021.007.v0, 2021b.
Dutra, E., Balsamo, G., Viterbo, P., Miranda, P. M. A., Beljaars, A.,
Schär, C., and Elder, K.: An Improved Snow Scheme for the ECMWF Land
Surface Model: Description and Offline Validation, J. Hydrometeor., 11,
899–916, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1249.1, 2010.
Heil, P., Hyland, G., and Alison, I.: Automatic Weather Station Data obtained at Dome A (Argus), Antarctica, Ver. 1, Australian Antarctic Data Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.26179/brjy-g225, 2017.
Hills, B. H., Harper, J. T., Meierbachtol, T. W., Johnson, J. V., Humphrey, N. F., and Wright, P. J.: Processes influencing heat transfer in the near-surface ice of Greenland's ablation zone, The Cryosphere, 12, 3215–3227, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3215-2018, 2018.
Hurley, S. and Wiltshire, R. J.: Computing thermal diffusivity from soil
temperature measurements, Comput. Geosci., 19, 475–477,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90096-N, 1993.
Jordan, R.: A One-Dimensional Temperature Model for a Snow Cover: Technical Documentation for SNTHERM, 89,
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA, 1991.
Lange, M. A.: Measurements of thermal parameters in Antarctic snow and firn,
Ann. Glaciol., 6, 100–104, https://doi.org/10.3189/1985AoG6-1-100-104, 1985.
Lecomte, O., Fichefet, T., Vancoppenolle, M., Domine, F., Massonnet, F.,
Mathiot, P., Morin, S. and Barriat, P. Y.: On the formulation of snow
thermal conductivity in large-scale sea ice models, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 5, 542–557, https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20039, 2013.
Mellor, M.: Engineering properties of snow, J. Glaciol., 19, 15–66, 1977.
Oldroyd, H. J., Higgins C. W., Huwald, H., Selker, J. S., and Parlange, M.
B.: Thermal diffusivity of seasonal snow determined from temperature
profiles, Adv. Water Resour., 55, 121–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.06.011, 2013.
Riche, F. and Schneebeli, M.: Thermal conductivity of snow measured by three independent methods and anisotropy considerations, The Cryosphere, 7, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-217-2013, 2013.
Schwander, J., Sowers, T., Barnola, J. M., Blunier, T., Fuchs, A., and
Malaizé, B.: Age scale of the air in the summit ice: Implication for
glacial-interglacial temperature change, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 19483–19493, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01309, 1997.
Sergienko, O. V., Macayeal, D. R., and Thom, J. E.: Reconstruction of snow/firn
thermal diffusivities from observed temperature variation: application to
iceberg C16, Ross Sea, Antarctica, 2004–07, Ann. Glaciol., 49,
91–95, 2008.
Steger, C. R., Reijmer, C. H., van den Broeke, M. R., Wever, N., Forster, R.
R., Koenig, L. S., Kuipers Munneke, P., Lehning, M., Lhermitte, S.,
Ligtenberg, S. R., and Miège, C.: Firn meltwater retention on the
Greenland ice sheet: A model comparison, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 3,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00003, 2017.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J., König, M., and Morris, K.: The thermal
conductivity of seasonal snow, J. Glaciol., 43, 26–41, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002781, 1997.
Van Dusen, M. S. and Washburn, E. W.: Thermal conductivity of non-metallic
solids, International critical tables of numerical data, physics, chemistry
and technology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 5, 216–217, 1929.
Wang, L., Zhou, J., Qi, J., Sun, L., Yang, K., Tian, L., Lin, Y., Liu, W.,
Shrestha, M., Xue, Y., and Koike, T.: Development of a land surface model
with coupled snow and frozen soil physics, Water Resour. Res., 53,
5085–5103, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020451, 2017.
Yen, Y. C.: Effective thermal conductivity of ventilated snow, J.
Geophys. Res., 67, 1091–1098, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i003p01091, 1962.
Yen, Y. C.: Review of Thermal Properties of Snow, Ice and Sea Ice, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, United States, 27 pp., Crrel Report No: CR, 81-10, 1981.
Short summary
Measurement of snow heat conductivity is essential to establish the energy balance between the atmosphere and firn, but it is still not clear in Antarctica. Here, we used data from three automatic weather stations located in different types of climate and evaluated nine schemes that were used to calculate the effective heat diffusivity of snow. The best solution was proposed. However, no conductivity–density relationship was optimal at all sites, and the performance of each varied with depth.
Measurement of snow heat conductivity is essential to establish the energy balance between the...