Articles | Volume 12, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Oct 2018
Research article |
| 17 Oct 2018
| 17 Oct 2018
A temperature- and stress-controlled failure criterion for ice-filled permafrost rock joints
Philipp Mamot
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333
Munich, Germany
Samuel Weber
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich,
Switzerland
Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Tanja Schröder
Department of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333
Munich, Germany
Michael Krautblatter
Department of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333
Munich, Germany
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- New coasts emerging from the retreat of Northern Hemisphere marine-terminating glaciers in the twenty-first century J. Kavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02282-5
- Fracture evolution and failure characteristics of sandstone under freeze-thaw cycling by computed tomography Y. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106370
- Influence of permafrost degradation and glacier retreat on recent high mountain rockfall distribution in the eastern European Alps C. Fey et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70063
- Brief communication: The influence of mica-rich rocks on the shear strength of ice-filled discontinuities P. Mamot et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020
- Permafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway – new insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modelling B. Etzelmüller et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022
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- A decade of detailed observations (2008–2018) in steep bedrock permafrost at the Matterhorn Hörnligrat (Zermatt, CH) S. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019
- Field-validated imaging of decadal and seasonal changes in permafrost bedrock using quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, Germany/Austria) R. Scandroglio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4787-2026
- Experimental Study on the Shear Behavior and Acoustic Emissions of Rock Joints Containing Ice-Rich Debris Infill Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-025-05015-4
- Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of frozen fissured sandstone addressing the role of fissure ice T. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-024-00860-z
- Shear behavior of subglacial debris-clean ice interface: experimental study and constitutive modeling Y. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-025-04691-4
- Seasonal thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamics of permafrost rockwalls revealed by automated electrical resistivity monitoring M. Offer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-661-2026
- Back analysis of a coastal cliff failure along the Forkastningsfjellet coastline, Svalbard: Implications for controlling and triggering factors D. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107850
- Seepage Behaviour of Fractured Rock Mass Infilling Using Different Transfixion Rates under Cyclic Loading S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9995090
- Seasonal and inter-annual evolution of the deformation of two Arctic landslides A. Aspaas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-729-2026
- Progressive destabilization of a freestanding rock pillar in permafrost on the Matterhorn (Swiss Alps): Hydro-mechanical modeling and analysis S. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1157-2025
- Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes F. Magnin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019
- Timing, volume and precursory indicators of rock‐ and cliff fall on a permafrost mountain ridge (Mattertal, Switzerland) H. Hendrickx et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5333
- Experimental study on the shear behavior of saw-toothed ice-rich debris–rock interface: effects of undulation, ice content, normal stress, and temperature Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03702-0
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- Cyclic Impact-Driven Progressive Damage and Failure of Frozen Rock with an Ice-Filled Flaw T. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-025-04868-z
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- Temperature and Strain Rate‐Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Ice‐Sandwiched Rock Mass Under Uniaxial Compression H. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2280
- Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model M. Ben-Asher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023
- Benchmark experiment on shear behavior of ice-filled planar rock joints using a novel direct shear testing apparatus B. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105757
- Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps M. Jacquemart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886
- The temperature-dependent shear strength of ice-filled joints in rock mass considering the effect of joint roughness, opening and shear rates S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023
- A New Method for Predicting the Crack Propagation Process of Brittle Rock Under Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Loading Conditions W. Yi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076001
- Shear mechanical properties of ice-filled rock joints under low-temperature and freeze-thaw cycles S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104974
- Pressurised water flow in fractured permafrost rocks revealed by borehole temperature, electrical resistivity tomography, and piezometric pressure M. Offer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025
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- Rock temperature prior to failure: Analysis of 209 rockfall events in the Mont Blanc massif (Western European Alps) A. Legay et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2110
- Simulation and Design Optimization of Ground Freezing for Vertical Connection in Stacked Shield Tunnels J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-025-03262-4
- A temperature-dependent mechanical model to assess the stability of degrading permafrost rock slopes P. Mamot et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021
- Permafrost controls the displacement rates of large unstable rock-slopes in subarctic environments I. Penna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.104017
- 4D quantification of alpine permafrost degradation in steep rock walls using a laboratory‐calibrated electrical resistivity tomography approach R. Scandroglio et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12149
- Mechanical behavior and fracture evolution of ice-filled fissured red sandstone under coupled temperature-inclination effects Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105507
- Permafrost as a first order control on long-term rock-slope deformation in (Sub-)Arctic Norway P. Hilger et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106718
- Ice aprons on steep high-alpine slopes: insights from the Mont-Blanc massif, Western Alps L. Ravanel et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.15
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- Fractal fracture-fluid controls on freeze–thaw hydro-thermo-mechanical evolution of cold-region slopes Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0291813
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- New coasts emerging from the retreat of Northern Hemisphere marine-terminating glaciers in the twenty-first century J. Kavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02282-5
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- Influence of permafrost degradation and glacier retreat on recent high mountain rockfall distribution in the eastern European Alps C. Fey et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70063
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- Permafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway – new insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modelling B. Etzelmüller et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022
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- A decade of detailed observations (2008–2018) in steep bedrock permafrost at the Matterhorn Hörnligrat (Zermatt, CH) S. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019
- Field-validated imaging of decadal and seasonal changes in permafrost bedrock using quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, Germany/Austria) R. Scandroglio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4787-2026
- Experimental Study on the Shear Behavior and Acoustic Emissions of Rock Joints Containing Ice-Rich Debris Infill Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-025-05015-4
- Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of frozen fissured sandstone addressing the role of fissure ice T. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-024-00860-z
- Shear behavior of subglacial debris-clean ice interface: experimental study and constitutive modeling Y. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-025-04691-4
- Seasonal thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamics of permafrost rockwalls revealed by automated electrical resistivity monitoring M. Offer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-661-2026
- Back analysis of a coastal cliff failure along the Forkastningsfjellet coastline, Svalbard: Implications for controlling and triggering factors D. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107850
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- Timing, volume and precursory indicators of rock‐ and cliff fall on a permafrost mountain ridge (Mattertal, Switzerland) H. Hendrickx et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5333
- Experimental study on the shear behavior of saw-toothed ice-rich debris–rock interface: effects of undulation, ice content, normal stress, and temperature Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03702-0
- Paraglacial and periglacial processes drive headwall erosion in a deglaciating Swiss cirque D. Draebing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109799
- Cyclic Impact-Driven Progressive Damage and Failure of Frozen Rock with an Ice-Filled Flaw T. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-025-04868-z
- Peak shear strength of rock discontinuities in the near-surface: Criteria, influencing factors, challenges, and perspectives S. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108725
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- Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model M. Ben-Asher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023
- Benchmark experiment on shear behavior of ice-filled planar rock joints using a novel direct shear testing apparatus B. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105757
- Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps M. Jacquemart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886
- The temperature-dependent shear strength of ice-filled joints in rock mass considering the effect of joint roughness, opening and shear rates S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023
- A New Method for Predicting the Crack Propagation Process of Brittle Rock Under Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Loading Conditions W. Yi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076001
- Shear mechanical properties of ice-filled rock joints under low-temperature and freeze-thaw cycles S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104974
- Pressurised water flow in fractured permafrost rocks revealed by borehole temperature, electrical resistivity tomography, and piezometric pressure M. Offer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025
- Warming-induced destabilization of polar coastal rock cliffs and the role of thermokarst: A case study of Forkastningsfjellet on Svalbard D. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178807
- Rock temperature prior to failure: Analysis of 209 rockfall events in the Mont Blanc massif (Western European Alps) A. Legay et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2110
- Simulation and Design Optimization of Ground Freezing for Vertical Connection in Stacked Shield Tunnels J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-025-03262-4
- A temperature-dependent mechanical model to assess the stability of degrading permafrost rock slopes P. Mamot et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021
- Permafrost controls the displacement rates of large unstable rock-slopes in subarctic environments I. Penna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.104017
- 4D quantification of alpine permafrost degradation in steep rock walls using a laboratory‐calibrated electrical resistivity tomography approach R. Scandroglio et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12149
- Mechanical behavior and fracture evolution of ice-filled fissured red sandstone under coupled temperature-inclination effects Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105507
- Permafrost as a first order control on long-term rock-slope deformation in (Sub-)Arctic Norway P. Hilger et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106718
- Ice aprons on steep high-alpine slopes: insights from the Mont-Blanc massif, Western Alps L. Ravanel et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.15
- Rockwall permafrost dynamics evidenced by repeated and Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography at Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l., French Alps) F. Abdulsamad et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2181-2026
- Experimental study on the shear mechanical behavior of ice-rich debris–rock interface: effects of temperature, stress, and ice content D. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2023-0375
- Fractal fracture-fluid controls on freeze–thaw hydro-thermo-mechanical evolution of cold-region slopes Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0291813
- Massive permafrost rock slide under a warming polythermal glacier deciphered through mechanical modeling (Bliggspitze, Austria) F. Pfluger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-41-2025
- Numerical Modelling of Permafrost Degradation Effects on Rock Slopes W. Boffelli & F. Calvetti https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2023.008
- Ultrasonic and NMR-based estimation of the microstructure at ice-rock interface H. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106091
- Fracture mechanism of rock collapse in the freeze–thaw zone of the eastern Sichuan–Tibet Mountains under seasonal fluctuating combinations of water and heat Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04781-y
- An integrated approach to investigate climate-driven rockfall occurrence in high alpine slopes: the Bessanese glacial basin, Western Italian Alps C. Viani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6216-y
- Assessing the role of permafrost in the preconditioning and triggering factors of the September 2020 Crête des Grangettes rockfall (southern French Alps) M. Cathala et al. https://doi.org/10.4000/12yqn
- Shear Behavior and Strength Model for the Ice-Rock Interface with Different Roughnesses S. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16030132
- Water Flows in Rock Wall Permafrost: A Numerical Approach Coupling Hydrological and Thermal Processes F. Magnin & J. Josnin https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006394
- Multistage 54,000 m3 rockfall (Stampa, Western Norway): Insights from comprehensive monitoring and failure analysis A. Maschler et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-025-02620-w
- Climatic and structural controls on Late‐glacial and Holocene rockfall occurrence in high‐elevated rock walls of the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps) X. Gallach et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4952
- How ice apron loss and permafrost degradation promoted the Platteikogel rock slope failure: a thermo-mechanical reconstruction F. Pfluger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-601-2026
- The Concept of Steady State, Cyclicity and Debris Unloading of Debris-Covered Glaciers C. Mayer & C. Licciulli https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.710276
- Mapping release and propagation areas of permafrost-related rock slope failures in the French Alps: A new methodological approach at regional scale M. Cathala et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.109032
- Dual role of holes in red sandstone under freeze–thaw and confinement: mechanistic insights and a Hoek–Brown-based predictive model P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2026.101915
- Revising supraglacial rock avalanche magnitudes and frequencies in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska W. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108591
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Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 Sep 2026
Short summary
Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected alpine rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including ice-filled joints. We present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock–ice contacts along rock joints in a simulated depth ≤ 30 m and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 °C. Warming and sudden reduction in rock overburden due to the detachment of an upper rock mass lead to a significant drop in shear resistance.
Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected alpine rock walls are likely triggered by...
