Articles | Volume 10, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2721-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2721-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Nov 2016
Research article |
| 21 Nov 2016
Estimating the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
Tom Edinburgh
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
currently at: Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical
Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Viewed
Total article views: 10,801 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 29 Apr 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6,955 | 3,490 | 356 | 10,801 | 1,088 | 263 | 392 |
- HTML: 6,955
- PDF: 3,490
- XML: 356
- Total: 10,801
- Supplement: 1,088
- BibTeX: 263
- EndNote: 392
Total article views: 9,442 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 21 Nov 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6,259 | 2,839 | 344 | 9,442 | 560 | 254 | 383 |
- HTML: 6,259
- PDF: 2,839
- XML: 344
- Total: 9,442
- Supplement: 560
- BibTeX: 254
- EndNote: 383
Total article views: 1,359 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 29 Apr 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 696 | 651 | 12 | 1,359 | 528 | 9 | 9 |
- HTML: 696
- PDF: 651
- XML: 12
- Total: 1,359
- Supplement: 528
- BibTeX: 9
- EndNote: 9
Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Southern Ocean sea ice, icebergs, and meteorological data from maritime sources for the period 1929 to 1940 D. Divine et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.265
- Estimating summer sea ice extent in the Weddell Sea during the early 19th century E. Love & G. Bigg https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1905-2023
- Analysis of Precipitation Data at Yokohama, Japan, from 1863 to 1869 Observed by J.C. Hepburn J. HIRANO et al. https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.127.531
- A review of the scientific knowledge of the seascape off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica A. Lowther et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03059-8
- A review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and forcings W. Hobbs et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.008
- An Unprecedented Sea Ice Retreat in the Weddell Sea Driving an Overall Decrease of the Antarctic Sea‐Ice Extent Over the 20th Century Q. Dalaiden et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104666
- Variability of Antarctic sea ice extent over the past 200 years J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.028
- The Southern Ocean marine ice record of the early historical, circum-Antarctic voyages of Cook and Bellingshausen G. Bigg https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2045-2024
- Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change: Contrasts, Commonalities, and Causes T. Maksym https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060610
- A comparison of South Pacific Antarctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation reconstructions since 1900 R. Fogt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-53-2024
- Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context of Longer‐Term Variability C. Eayrs et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631
- Analysing the trends of research contributions and scientific collaboration networks working in Antarctic science: a look to the production of the Spanish programme honouring the memory of Andrés Barbosa F. Ríos-Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102025100199
- Investigating a potential new Antarctic sea ice state during 2021–2023 using an atmosphere-based reconstruction N. Sartori & R. Fogt https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08070-x
- Understanding weather and climate of the last 300 years from ships' logbooks R. García‐Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.544
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Southern Ocean sea ice, icebergs, and meteorological data from maritime sources for the period 1929 to 1940 D. Divine et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.265
- Estimating summer sea ice extent in the Weddell Sea during the early 19th century E. Love & G. Bigg https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1905-2023
- Analysis of Precipitation Data at Yokohama, Japan, from 1863 to 1869 Observed by J.C. Hepburn J. HIRANO et al. https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.127.531
- A review of the scientific knowledge of the seascape off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica A. Lowther et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03059-8
- A review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and forcings W. Hobbs et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.008
- An Unprecedented Sea Ice Retreat in the Weddell Sea Driving an Overall Decrease of the Antarctic Sea‐Ice Extent Over the 20th Century Q. Dalaiden et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104666
- Variability of Antarctic sea ice extent over the past 200 years J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.028
- The Southern Ocean marine ice record of the early historical, circum-Antarctic voyages of Cook and Bellingshausen G. Bigg https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2045-2024
- Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change: Contrasts, Commonalities, and Causes T. Maksym https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060610
- A comparison of South Pacific Antarctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation reconstructions since 1900 R. Fogt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-53-2024
- Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context of Longer‐Term Variability C. Eayrs et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631
- Analysing the trends of research contributions and scientific collaboration networks working in Antarctic science: a look to the production of the Spanish programme honouring the memory of Andrés Barbosa F. Ríos-Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102025100199
- Investigating a potential new Antarctic sea ice state during 2021–2023 using an atmosphere-based reconstruction N. Sartori & R. Fogt https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08070-x
- Understanding weather and climate of the last 300 years from ships' logbooks R. García‐Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.544
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Jun 2026
Short summary
Contrary to expectations, Antarctic sea ice cover has been increasing in area during the last three decades. In order to put these trends into a wider context this paper analyses direct observations of sea ice, recorded in ships' logbooks during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1887–1917) for the first time. It shows that the sea ice was significantly further north in the Weddell Sea during the period but comparable to the present day in other sectors.
Contrary to expectations, Antarctic sea ice cover has been increasing in area during the last...
