Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Feb 2015
Research article |
| 24 Feb 2015
Large-area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global data sets: application to mountain permafrost
J. Fiddes
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
S. Endrizzi
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
S. Gruber
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Cited
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Future permafrost conditions along environmental gradients in Zackenberg, Greenland S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-719-2015
- The thermal state of permafrost under climate change on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (1980–2022): a case study of the West Kunlun J. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4211-2025
- Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D A. Haberkorn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-585-2017
- Long-term firn and mass balance modelling for Abramov Glacier in the data-scarce Pamir Alay M. Kronenberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5001-2022
- Initialization of thermal models in cold and warm permafrost C. Ross et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0013
- Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway J. Czekirda et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023
- REDCAPP (v1.0): parameterizing valley inversions in air temperature data downscaled from reanalyses B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017
- The importance of topographic gradients in alpine permafrost modeling J. Beddrich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104321
- Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach S. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.011
- Permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin: An active layer dynamics J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02074-5
- PERMACLIM 2.0: a Revised Model for High-Resolution Mapping of Permafrost Conditions in Mountain Regions E. Riva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41651-026-00269-0
- Improved permafrost modelling in mountain environments by including air convection in a hydrological model G. Zegers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4091-2025
- Spatial prediction of permafrost occurrence in Sikkim Himalayas using logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and neural networks P. Baral & M. Haq https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107331
- Weather station and annual temperature dynamics in the elevation gradient (spatial and temporal analysis of Chitwan-Annapurna, Nepal) R. Mandal https://doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2020.05.00215
- TopoCLIM: rapid topography-based downscaling of regional climate model output in complex terrain v1.1 J. Fiddes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1753-2022
- Modelling rock wall permafrost degradation in the Mont Blanc massif from the LIA to the end of the 21st century F. Magnin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1813-2017
- DReaMIT: a dynamical reanalysis framework for modelling surface-based temperature inversions in cold environments V. Pozsgay et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7197-2026
- Long-term energy balance measurements at three different mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps M. Hoelzle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Simulated responses of permafrost distribution to climate change on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Q. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04140-7
- Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry to Map and Quantify Permafrost Thaw Subsidence: A Case Study of Eboling Mountain on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004618
- Exploring hydrological dynamics of layered pyroclastic soils by combining laboratory and field experiments with a numerical model R. Busti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15257
- Applicability of the ecosystem type approach to model permafrost dynamics across the Alaska North Slope D. Nicolsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003852
- Ensemble numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regimes over the Tibetan Plateau using the Flexible Permafrost Model: 1950–2023 W. Sun & B. Cao https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2681-2026
- GlobSim (v1.0): deriving meteorological time series for point locations from multiple global reanalyses B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4661-2019
- A Downscaling Intercomparison Study: The Representation of Slope- and Ridge-Scale Processes in Models of Different Complexity B. Kruyt et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.789332
- Ground thermal regime changes caused by integrated warming, wetting, and greening in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau G. Linmao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2024.108658
- Mid‐Holocene frozen ground in China from PMIP3 simulations Y. Liu & D. Jiang https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12285
- Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years A. Borge et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1-2017
- Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway C. Renette et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023
- Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland A. Marmy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016
- Hyper-resolution ensemble-based snow reanalysis in mountain regions using clustering J. Fiddes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4717-2019
- Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3 S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016
- Development of moderate-resolution gridded monthly air temperature and degree-day maps for the Labrador-Ungava region of northern Canada R. Way et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4721
- Site-level model intercomparison of high latitude and high altitude soil thermal dynamics in tundra and barren landscapes A. Ekici et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- New insights into the environmental factors controlling the ground thermal regime across the Northern Hemisphere: a comparison between permafrost and non-permafrost areas O. Karjalainen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-693-2019
- Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region S. Gruber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017
- Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017
- Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps R. Kenner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019
- A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1303-2015
- The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021
- The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Future permafrost conditions along environmental gradients in Zackenberg, Greenland S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-719-2015
- The thermal state of permafrost under climate change on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (1980–2022): a case study of the West Kunlun J. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4211-2025
- Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D A. Haberkorn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-585-2017
- Long-term firn and mass balance modelling for Abramov Glacier in the data-scarce Pamir Alay M. Kronenberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5001-2022
- Initialization of thermal models in cold and warm permafrost C. Ross et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0013
- Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway J. Czekirda et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023
- REDCAPP (v1.0): parameterizing valley inversions in air temperature data downscaled from reanalyses B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017
- The importance of topographic gradients in alpine permafrost modeling J. Beddrich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104321
- Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach S. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.011
- Permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin: An active layer dynamics J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02074-5
- PERMACLIM 2.0: a Revised Model for High-Resolution Mapping of Permafrost Conditions in Mountain Regions E. Riva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41651-026-00269-0
- Improved permafrost modelling in mountain environments by including air convection in a hydrological model G. Zegers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4091-2025
- Spatial prediction of permafrost occurrence in Sikkim Himalayas using logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and neural networks P. Baral & M. Haq https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107331
- Weather station and annual temperature dynamics in the elevation gradient (spatial and temporal analysis of Chitwan-Annapurna, Nepal) R. Mandal https://doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2020.05.00215
- TopoCLIM: rapid topography-based downscaling of regional climate model output in complex terrain v1.1 J. Fiddes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1753-2022
- Modelling rock wall permafrost degradation in the Mont Blanc massif from the LIA to the end of the 21st century F. Magnin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1813-2017
- DReaMIT: a dynamical reanalysis framework for modelling surface-based temperature inversions in cold environments V. Pozsgay et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7197-2026
- Long-term energy balance measurements at three different mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps M. Hoelzle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Simulated responses of permafrost distribution to climate change on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Q. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04140-7
- Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry to Map and Quantify Permafrost Thaw Subsidence: A Case Study of Eboling Mountain on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004618
- Exploring hydrological dynamics of layered pyroclastic soils by combining laboratory and field experiments with a numerical model R. Busti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15257
- Applicability of the ecosystem type approach to model permafrost dynamics across the Alaska North Slope D. Nicolsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003852
- Ensemble numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regimes over the Tibetan Plateau using the Flexible Permafrost Model: 1950–2023 W. Sun & B. Cao https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2681-2026
- GlobSim (v1.0): deriving meteorological time series for point locations from multiple global reanalyses B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4661-2019
- A Downscaling Intercomparison Study: The Representation of Slope- and Ridge-Scale Processes in Models of Different Complexity B. Kruyt et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.789332
- Ground thermal regime changes caused by integrated warming, wetting, and greening in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau G. Linmao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2024.108658
- Mid‐Holocene frozen ground in China from PMIP3 simulations Y. Liu & D. Jiang https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12285
- Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years A. Borge et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1-2017
- Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway C. Renette et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023
- Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland A. Marmy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016
- Hyper-resolution ensemble-based snow reanalysis in mountain regions using clustering J. Fiddes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4717-2019
- Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3 S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016
- Development of moderate-resolution gridded monthly air temperature and degree-day maps for the Labrador-Ungava region of northern Canada R. Way et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4721
- Site-level model intercomparison of high latitude and high altitude soil thermal dynamics in tundra and barren landscapes A. Ekici et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- New insights into the environmental factors controlling the ground thermal regime across the Northern Hemisphere: a comparison between permafrost and non-permafrost areas O. Karjalainen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-693-2019
- Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region S. Gruber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017
- Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017
- Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps R. Kenner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019
- A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data S. Westermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1303-2015
- The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India J. Wani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021
- The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions B. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Sep 2026
Short summary
This paper demonstrates a new land surface modelling approach that uses globally available data sets to generate high-resolution simulation results of land surface processes. We successfully simulate a highly resolution-dependent variable, ground surface temperatures, over the entire Swiss Alps at high resolution. We use a large evaluation data set to test the model. We suggest that this scheme represents a useful step in application of numerical models over large areas in heterogeneous terrain.
This paper demonstrates a new land surface modelling approach that uses globally available data...
