Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
Research article
 | 
24 Sep 2024
Research article |  | 24 Sep 2024

Quantifying the influence of snow over sea ice morphology on L-band passive microwave satellite observations in the Southern Ocean

Lu Zhou, Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Shiming Xu, Weixin Zhu, Sahra Kacimi, Stefanie Arndt, and Zifan Yang

Data sets

ESA-CCI_Phase2_Standardized_Manual_Visual_Ship-Based_SeaIceObservations_v02 Stefan Kern https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/ESACCIPSMVSBSIOV2

Ice-physics transect data obtained during the SIPEX II voyage 790 of the Aurora Australis, 2012, Ver. 1 P. Heil et al. https://doi.org/10.4225/15/5a8f94c228afb

Ice and snow pit measurements observed during the SIPEX II voyage of the Aurora Australis, 2012, Ver. 1 T. Toyota et al. https://doi.org/10.4225/15/59b0c7fd5c76f

Automatic weather station buoy data PS81/506-1 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013-2014 Nander Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933415

Ice mass balance data PS81/506-1 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013-2014 Nander Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933417

Automatic weather station buoy data PS81/517 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013 Nander Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933425

Ice mass balance data PS81/517 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013 Nander Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933424

Temperature and mass balance measurements from sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2009, deployed on landfast ice of east Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950178

Temperature and mass balance measurements from sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2010, deployed on landfast ice of east Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950181

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2013a, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950095

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2013b, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950126

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2014, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950151

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy ZS2015, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950068

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy DS2014, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950086

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy DS2015, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950131

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy DS2016, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950044

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy DS2018a, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950141

Temperature and heating induced temperature difference measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy DS2018b, deployed on landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica N. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950121

now density measurements at ice stations during POLARSTERN cruise PS81 (ANTXXIX/ 6, AWECS) S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881717

Snow salinity measurements at ice stations during POLARSTERN cruise PS81 (ANTXXIX/ 6, AWECS) S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881714

Snow grain size and type measurements at ice stations during POLARSTERN cruise PS81 (ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS) S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881713

IceBridge L4 Sea Ice Freeboard, Snow Depth, and Thickness, Version 1 N. Kurtz et al. https://doi.org/10.5067/G519SHCKWQV6

SMAP Radiometer Twice-Daily rSIR-Enhanced EASE-Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperatures, Version 2 M. J. Brodzik et al. https://doi.org/10.5067/YAMX52BXFL10

AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Brightness Temperature, Sea Ice Concentration, & Snow Depth Polar Grids, Version 3 D. J. Cavalieri et al. https://doi.org/10.5067/AMSR-E/AE_SI12.003

SMOS Daily Polar Gridded Brightness Temperatures, 2010-2019 X. Tian-Kunze et al. https://www.cen.uni-hamburg.de/en/icdc/data/cryosphere/l3b-smos-tb.html

ALOS Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Alaska Satellite Facility https://doi.org/10.5067/NXY378J3DFZQ

Model code and software

RAdiative transfer model Developed for Ice and Snow in the L-band (RADIS-L) v1.0 Lu Zhou and Shiming Xu https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10003441

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Short summary
Snow over Antarctic sea ice, influenced by highly variable meteorological conditions and heavy snowfall, has a complex stratigraphy and profound impact on the microwave signature. We employ advanced radiation transfer models to analyse the effects of complex snow properties on brightness temperatures over the sea ice in the Southern Ocean. Great potential lies in the understanding of snow processes and the application to satellite retrievals.