Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2625-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2625-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Estimating differential penetration of green (532 nm) laser light over sea ice with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper: observations and models
Michael Studinger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Benjamin E. Smith
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Nathan Kurtz
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Alek Petty
Earth System Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Tyler Sutterley
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Rachel Tilling
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Earth System Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Enhanced sea ice classification for ICESat-2 using combined unsupervised and supervised machine learning W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114607
- Automated Detection and Mapping of Supraglacial Lakes Using Machine Learning From ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 Data G. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3602429
- AWI-ICENet1: a convolutional neural network retracker for ice altimetry V. Helm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3933-2024
- Optical determination of snow density via sub-surface scattering L. Mewes et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02490-1
- Supraglacial Lake Bathymetry Retrieval from ICESat-2 Altimetry Data and Sentinel-2 Imagery Using Deep Learning Algorithms Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18162726
- Climatology and Interannual Variations in Arctic Winter Sea Ice Leads in the ICESat-2 Era M. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4313-2026
- Mechanism and algorithm for addressing the impact of multiple scattering on surface elevation extraction in photon-counting LiDAR data Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114603
- Mangrove canopy-height estimation using LiDAR and multispectral remote sensing: linking spatiotemporal species composition to restoration baselines Z. Afif et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2026.2734354
- Measurement of snowpack density, grain size, and black carbon concentration using time-domain diffuse optics C. Henley et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.81
- Analysis of the Precision and Bias of ICESat-2 Sea Surface Height Product H. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2024.2443921
- Light detection and ranging of natural systems L. Irwin et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-025-00446-3
- Understanding biases in ICESat-2 data due to subsurface scattering using Airborne Topographic Mapper waveform data B. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-975-2025
- Anticipating CRISTAL: an exploration of multi-frequency satellite altimeter snow depth estimates over Arctic sea ice, 2018–2023 J. Landy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-183-2026
- Quantifying the influence of snow over sea ice morphology on L-band passive microwave satellite observations in the Southern Ocean L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Enhanced sea ice classification for ICESat-2 using combined unsupervised and supervised machine learning W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114607
- Automated Detection and Mapping of Supraglacial Lakes Using Machine Learning From ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 Data G. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3602429
- AWI-ICENet1: a convolutional neural network retracker for ice altimetry V. Helm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3933-2024
- Optical determination of snow density via sub-surface scattering L. Mewes et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02490-1
- Supraglacial Lake Bathymetry Retrieval from ICESat-2 Altimetry Data and Sentinel-2 Imagery Using Deep Learning Algorithms Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18162726
- Climatology and Interannual Variations in Arctic Winter Sea Ice Leads in the ICESat-2 Era M. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4313-2026
- Mechanism and algorithm for addressing the impact of multiple scattering on surface elevation extraction in photon-counting LiDAR data Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114603
- Mangrove canopy-height estimation using LiDAR and multispectral remote sensing: linking spatiotemporal species composition to restoration baselines Z. Afif et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2026.2734354
- Measurement of snowpack density, grain size, and black carbon concentration using time-domain diffuse optics C. Henley et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.81
- Analysis of the Precision and Bias of ICESat-2 Sea Surface Height Product H. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2024.2443921
- Light detection and ranging of natural systems L. Irwin et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-025-00446-3
- Understanding biases in ICESat-2 data due to subsurface scattering using Airborne Topographic Mapper waveform data B. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-975-2025
- Anticipating CRISTAL: an exploration of multi-frequency satellite altimeter snow depth estimates over Arctic sea ice, 2018–2023 J. Landy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-183-2026
- Quantifying the influence of snow over sea ice morphology on L-band passive microwave satellite observations in the Southern Ocean L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Oct 2026
Short summary
We use green lidar data and natural-color imagery over sea ice to quantify elevation biases potentially impacting estimates of change in ice thickness of the polar regions. We complement our analysis using a model of scattering of light in snow and ice that predicts the shape of lidar waveforms reflecting from snow and ice surfaces based on the shape of the transmitted pulse. We find that biased elevations exist in airborne and spaceborne data products from green lidars.
We use green lidar data and natural-color imagery over sea ice to quantify elevation biases...