Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
Owen King
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
Mingyang Lv
Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
Sajid Ghuffar
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Douglas Benn
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
Duncan Quincey
School of Geography, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Tobias Bolch
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
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- Bayesian estimation of glacier surface elevation changes from DEMs G. Guillet & T. Bolch
- Glacier surging and surge-related hazards in a changing climate H. Lovell et al.
- Quantifying glacier surging and associated lake dynamics in Amu Darya river basin using UAV and remote sensing data M. Safarov et al.
- Investigating seasonal velocity variations of selected glaciers in high mountain asia F. Baldacchino et al.
- Slight Mass Loss in Glaciers over the Ulugh Muztagh Mountains during the Period from 2000 to 2020 L. Gu et al.
- A Review of Karakoram Glacier Anomalies in High Mountains Asia J. Li et al.
- A Pipeline for Automated Processing of Declassified Corona KH-4 (1962–1972) Stereo Imagery S. Ghuffar et al.
- Large-Scale Monitoring of Glacier Surges by Integrating High-Temporal- and -Spatial-Resolution Satellite Observations: A Case Study in the Karakoram L. Ke et al.
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- The Formation of an Ice-Contact Proglacial Lake and Its Impact on Glacier Change: A Case Study of the Tanymas Lake and Fedchenko Glacier Z. Li et al.
- Seasonal and interannual variability of Karakoram glacier surface albedo from AVHRR-MODIS data, 1982–2020 F. Xie et al.
- Evolution of deep-seated bedrock landslides in a deep canyon Y. Li et al.
- Tracking glacier surge evolution using interferometric SAR coherence—examples from Svalbard E. Mannerfelt et al.
- A dataset of glacier height changes in Hunza Basin during 2000–2020 K. WU et al.
- Annual and Seasonal Variations in Glacier Velocity, and Surging Glaciers in the West Kunlun Mountain Z. Zhang et al.
- Multi-temporal elevation changes of Fedchenko Glacier, Tajikistan, from 1928 to 2021 F. Brun et al.
- Spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier area and length changes in Xizang, China, from 2000 to 2022 S. Zhou et al.
- Glaciological and climatological drivers of heterogeneous glacier mass loss in the Tanggula Shan (Central-Eastern Tibetan Plateau), since the 1960s O. King et al.
- Enthalpy balance theory unifies diverse glacier surge behaviour D. Benn et al.
- Topography and accumulation rate as controls of asynchronous surging behaviour in the eastern and western branches of the Western Kunlun Glacier, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau Y. Gao et al.
- Central Asia's spatiotemporal glacier response ambiguity due to data inconsistencies and regional simplifications M. Barandun & E. Pohl
- Dynamic difference between surging and normal glaciers in the context of climate change: Insights from multi-source remote sensing Y. Gao et al.
- Variation of sediment supply by periglacial debris flows at Zelunglung in the eastern syntaxis of Himalayas since the 1950 Assam Earthquake K. Hu et al.
- Heterogeneity in glacier thinning and slowdown of ice movement in the Garhwal Himalaya, India R. Bhambri et al.
- Identification of Unstable Glacier Flow in the Western Tibetan Plateau and Karakoram Using Machine Learning Q. Zhu et al.
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- High-Frequency observations of glacier ice velocities at Drang Drung Glacier, Western Himalaya, using a terrestrial time-lapse imaging system P. Singh et al.
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- Evaluating the affecting factors of glacier mass balance in Tanggula Mountains using explainable machine learning and the open global glacier model Q. Xu et al.
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- A comprehensive and version-controlled database of glacial lake outburst floods in High Mountain Asia F. Shrestha et al.
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- Future growth and decline of high mountain Asia's ice-dammed lakes and associated risk L. Compagno et al.
- Characteristics of Glaciers Surging in the Western Pamirs Z. Wang et al.
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- Weakening of regional contrasts in glacier changes around the Tarim Basin in the early 21st century X. Xu et al.
- Characterizing the behavior of surge-type glaciers in the Puruogangri Ice Field, Tibetan Plateau S. Zhou et al.
- Characterizing the surge behaviour and associated ice-dammed lake evolution of the Kyagar Glacier in the Karakoram G. Li et al.
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- Using the Improved YOLOv5-Seg Network and Sentinel-2 Imagery to Map Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia L. Yin et al.
- Progression of the surge in the Negribreen Glacier System from two years of ICESat-2 measurements T. Trantow & U. Herzfeld
- Annual to seasonal glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia derived from Pléiades stereo images: examples from the Pamir and the Tibetan Plateau D. Falaschi et al.
- Historical analysis of glacier surges and ice-dammed lake outburst floods in the Kumdan group, Karakoram S. Halder & R. Bhambri
- Dynamic Monitoring of Debris-Covered Glacier Surface Velocity and Ice Thickness of Mt.Tomur, Tian Shan, China C. Bai et al.
- Seasonal variations in glacier velocity in the High Mountain Asia region during 2015–2020 Z. Zhang et al.
- Surging Glaciers in High Mountain Asia between 1986 and 2021 X. Yao et al.
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- Multiple surge trigger mechanisms of compound glacier: a case study on recent surges of Aru-4 Glacier, Western Tibetan Plateau W. Guan et al.
- Transitioning from equilibrium of glacier mass balance in the Upper Bhagirathi Valley, Central Himalaya S. Halder et al.
- Global clustering of recent glacier surges from radar backscatter data, 2017–2022 A. Kääb et al.
- Recent giant detachment of a glacier on the Tibetan plateau provoked by its frozen tongue A. Kääb et al.
- Satellite-observed surging dynamics of North Kunchhang Glacier I in the Eastern Karakoram F. Zhao et al.
- Opposite mass balance variations between glaciers in western Tibet and the western Tien Shan M. Zhu et al.
- Remote-sensing characterization of surging glaciers in High Mountain Asia in the past two decades L. Ke et al.
- Icequakes and Large Shear Wave Velocity Drop in the Kuoqionggangri Glacier of Tibetan Plateau Observed with Fiber Optic Seismometer Array Y. Li et al.
- Global detection of glacier surges from surface velocities, elevation change and SAR backscatter data between 2000 and 2024: a test of surge mechanism theories G. Guillet et al.
- Predicting instabilities in transient landforms and interconnected ecosystems T. Smith et al.
- Spatiotemporal pattern of glacier mass balance in the Tibetan Plateau interior area over the past 40 years K. Wu et al.
- Potential of the Bi-Static SAR Satellite Companion Mission Harmony for Land-Ice Observations A. Kääb et al.
- Five decades of Abramov glacier dynamics reconstructed with multi-sensor optical remote sensing E. Mattea et al.
- Surge-type glaciers in Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland): distribution, temporal patterns and climatic controls H. Lovell et al.
- Monitoring Glacier Debris Flows and Dammed Lakes Using Multiple Satellite Images in the Badswat Watershed, Northern Karakoram M. Lesi et al.
- A new inventory of High Mountain Asia surging glaciers derived from multiple elevation datasets since the 1970s L. Guo et al.
- Influence of climate and non-climatic attributes on declining glacier mass budget and surging in Alaknanda Basin and its surroundings A. Bhattacharya et al.
74 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Bayesian estimation of glacier surface elevation changes from DEMs G. Guillet & T. Bolch
- Glacier surging and surge-related hazards in a changing climate H. Lovell et al.
- Quantifying glacier surging and associated lake dynamics in Amu Darya river basin using UAV and remote sensing data M. Safarov et al.
- Investigating seasonal velocity variations of selected glaciers in high mountain asia F. Baldacchino et al.
- Slight Mass Loss in Glaciers over the Ulugh Muztagh Mountains during the Period from 2000 to 2020 L. Gu et al.
- A Review of Karakoram Glacier Anomalies in High Mountains Asia J. Li et al.
- A Pipeline for Automated Processing of Declassified Corona KH-4 (1962–1972) Stereo Imagery S. Ghuffar et al.
- Large-Scale Monitoring of Glacier Surges by Integrating High-Temporal- and -Spatial-Resolution Satellite Observations: A Case Study in the Karakoram L. Ke et al.
- Mechanisms of glacier surges in the Central Himalayas uncovered using remote sensing and glacier modelling Y. Gao et al.
- Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Impact of Proglacial Lake on Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Revealed by Multisource Remote Sensing X. Li et al.
- The Formation of an Ice-Contact Proglacial Lake and Its Impact on Glacier Change: A Case Study of the Tanymas Lake and Fedchenko Glacier Z. Li et al.
- Seasonal and interannual variability of Karakoram glacier surface albedo from AVHRR-MODIS data, 1982–2020 F. Xie et al.
- Evolution of deep-seated bedrock landslides in a deep canyon Y. Li et al.
- Tracking glacier surge evolution using interferometric SAR coherence—examples from Svalbard E. Mannerfelt et al.
- A dataset of glacier height changes in Hunza Basin during 2000–2020 K. WU et al.
- Annual and Seasonal Variations in Glacier Velocity, and Surging Glaciers in the West Kunlun Mountain Z. Zhang et al.
- Multi-temporal elevation changes of Fedchenko Glacier, Tajikistan, from 1928 to 2021 F. Brun et al.
- Spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier area and length changes in Xizang, China, from 2000 to 2022 S. Zhou et al.
- Glaciological and climatological drivers of heterogeneous glacier mass loss in the Tanggula Shan (Central-Eastern Tibetan Plateau), since the 1960s O. King et al.
- Enthalpy balance theory unifies diverse glacier surge behaviour D. Benn et al.
- Topography and accumulation rate as controls of asynchronous surging behaviour in the eastern and western branches of the Western Kunlun Glacier, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau Y. Gao et al.
- Central Asia's spatiotemporal glacier response ambiguity due to data inconsistencies and regional simplifications M. Barandun & E. Pohl
- Dynamic difference between surging and normal glaciers in the context of climate change: Insights from multi-source remote sensing Y. Gao et al.
- Variation of sediment supply by periglacial debris flows at Zelunglung in the eastern syntaxis of Himalayas since the 1950 Assam Earthquake K. Hu et al.
- Heterogeneity in glacier thinning and slowdown of ice movement in the Garhwal Himalaya, India R. Bhambri et al.
- Identification of Unstable Glacier Flow in the Western Tibetan Plateau and Karakoram Using Machine Learning Q. Zhu et al.
- A comparative analysis of glacier and glacier-melt runoff changes in western and eastern Himalayan river basins V. Singh et al.
- Different characteristics of two surges in Weigeledangxiong Glacier, northeastern Tibetan Plateau B. Pan et al.
- High-Frequency observations of glacier ice velocities at Drang Drung Glacier, Western Himalaya, using a terrestrial time-lapse imaging system P. Singh et al.
- A century of flow and surge history of Sít’ Tlein (Malaspina Glacier), Southeast Alaska V. Devaux–Chupin et al.
- Retrieval of high-resolution melting-season albedo and its implications for the Karakoram Anomaly F. Xie et al.
- Multi-Sensor Analysis of Predicted and Observed Glacier Instabilities in the Hissar–Alay of Central Asia E. Mattea et al.
- Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s F. Xie et al.
- Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review Q. Ye et al.
- High-altitude precipitation controls the mass balance of Pasu Glacier, Karakoram over 2000–2020: A case study based on mass and energy budget Y. Zhu et al.
- Evaluating the affecting factors of glacier mass balance in Tanggula Mountains using explainable machine learning and the open global glacier model Q. Xu et al.
- Manifestations of a glacier surge in central Himalaya using multi-temporal satellite data V. Kumar et al.
- A comprehensive and version-controlled database of glacial lake outburst floods in High Mountain Asia F. Shrestha et al.
- Glacier mass balance and its climatic and nonclimatic drivers in the Ladakh region during 2000–2021 from remote sensing data A. Mandal et al.
- Future growth and decline of high mountain Asia's ice-dammed lakes and associated risk L. Compagno et al.
- Characteristics of Glaciers Surging in the Western Pamirs Z. Wang et al.
- Glacier surge monitoring from temporally dense elevation time series: application to an ASTER dataset over the Karakoram region L. Beraud et al.
- Weakening of regional contrasts in glacier changes around the Tarim Basin in the early 21st century X. Xu et al.
- Characterizing the behavior of surge-type glaciers in the Puruogangri Ice Field, Tibetan Plateau S. Zhou et al.
- Characterizing the surge behaviour and associated ice-dammed lake evolution of the Kyagar Glacier in the Karakoram G. Li et al.
- State-of-the-art review on stability and serviceability of dikes as a flood infrastructure and their comprehensive assessment in Indus Plain considering global climate change H. Gul et al.
- Characteristics of Musta Glacier surges and their responses to climate change between 1976 and 2023 Y. Gao et al.
- Glacier mass variations in the China-Pakistan highway regions from multi-source altimetric remote sensing data Y. Zheng et al.
- Using the Improved YOLOv5-Seg Network and Sentinel-2 Imagery to Map Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia L. Yin et al.
- Progression of the surge in the Negribreen Glacier System from two years of ICESat-2 measurements T. Trantow & U. Herzfeld
- Annual to seasonal glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia derived from Pléiades stereo images: examples from the Pamir and the Tibetan Plateau D. Falaschi et al.
- Historical analysis of glacier surges and ice-dammed lake outburst floods in the Kumdan group, Karakoram S. Halder & R. Bhambri
- Dynamic Monitoring of Debris-Covered Glacier Surface Velocity and Ice Thickness of Mt.Tomur, Tian Shan, China C. Bai et al.
- Seasonal variations in glacier velocity in the High Mountain Asia region during 2015–2020 Z. Zhang et al.
- Surging Glaciers in High Mountain Asia between 1986 and 2021 X. Yao et al.
- Hydrological control of the surging behaviour of the Ghujerab River Head Glacier, Karakoram (2019–2023): Insights from high-temporal-resolution remote sensing monitoring J. Mu et al.
- Monitoring dynamics of Kyagar Glacier surge and repeated draining of Ice-dammed lake using multi-source remote sensing Y. Gao et al.
- Multiple surge trigger mechanisms of compound glacier: a case study on recent surges of Aru-4 Glacier, Western Tibetan Plateau W. Guan et al.
- Transitioning from equilibrium of glacier mass balance in the Upper Bhagirathi Valley, Central Himalaya S. Halder et al.
- Global clustering of recent glacier surges from radar backscatter data, 2017–2022 A. Kääb et al.
- Recent giant detachment of a glacier on the Tibetan plateau provoked by its frozen tongue A. Kääb et al.
- Satellite-observed surging dynamics of North Kunchhang Glacier I in the Eastern Karakoram F. Zhao et al.
- Opposite mass balance variations between glaciers in western Tibet and the western Tien Shan M. Zhu et al.
- Remote-sensing characterization of surging glaciers in High Mountain Asia in the past two decades L. Ke et al.
- Icequakes and Large Shear Wave Velocity Drop in the Kuoqionggangri Glacier of Tibetan Plateau Observed with Fiber Optic Seismometer Array Y. Li et al.
- Global detection of glacier surges from surface velocities, elevation change and SAR backscatter data between 2000 and 2024: a test of surge mechanism theories G. Guillet et al.
- Predicting instabilities in transient landforms and interconnected ecosystems T. Smith et al.
- Spatiotemporal pattern of glacier mass balance in the Tibetan Plateau interior area over the past 40 years K. Wu et al.
- Potential of the Bi-Static SAR Satellite Companion Mission Harmony for Land-Ice Observations A. Kääb et al.
- Five decades of Abramov glacier dynamics reconstructed with multi-sensor optical remote sensing E. Mattea et al.
- Surge-type glaciers in Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland): distribution, temporal patterns and climatic controls H. Lovell et al.
- Monitoring Glacier Debris Flows and Dammed Lakes Using Multiple Satellite Images in the Badswat Watershed, Northern Karakoram M. Lesi et al.
- A new inventory of High Mountain Asia surging glaciers derived from multiple elevation datasets since the 1970s L. Guo et al.
- Influence of climate and non-climatic attributes on declining glacier mass budget and surging in Alaknanda Basin and its surroundings A. Bhattacharya et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 30 Apr 2026
Short summary
Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can have drastic impacts on settlements in their vicinity.
One of the clusters of surging glaciers worldwide is High Mountain Asia (HMA).
We present an inventory of surging glaciers in HMA, identified from satellite imagery. We show that the number of surging glaciers was underestimated and that they represent 20 % of the area covered by glaciers in HMA, before discussing new physics for glacier surges.
Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can...