Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article: Global monitoring of snow water equivalent using high-frequency radar remote sensing
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Michael Durand
Byrd Polar and Climate Research
Center, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Chris Derksen
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada,
Toronto, Canada
Ana P. Barros
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Do-Hyuk Kang
ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Hans Lievens
Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Hans-Peter Marshall
Department of Geoscience, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
Jiyue Zhu
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Joel Johnson
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA
Joshua King
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada,
Toronto, Canada
Juha Lemmetyinen
Arctic Research Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Melody Sandells
Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University,
Newcastle, UK
Nick Rutter
Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University,
Newcastle, UK
Paul Siqueira
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA, USA
Anne Nolin
Department of Geography, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA
Batu Osmanoglu
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Carrie Vuyovich
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Edward Kim
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Drew Taylor
Remote Sensing Center, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
Ioanna Merkouriadi
Arctic Research Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Ludovic Brucker
Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NOAA/NESDIS, the
US National Ice Center, College Park, MD, USA
Mahdi Navari
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Marie Dumont
Centre d'Etudes de la Neige, Météo-France, Grenoble, France
Richard Kelly
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Rhae Sung Kim
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Tien-Hao Liao
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA, USA
Firoz Borah
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Xiaolan Xu
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA, USA
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Cited
76 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Estimating snow accumulation and ablation with L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) J. Tarricone et al.
- Monitoring Wet Snow With a Multiband Dual-Receiver Radar System M. Lodigiani et al.
- Quantifying weather-induced unreliable public transportation service in cold regions under future climate model scenarios X. Tian et al.
- Snowpack Permittivity Retrieval Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm L. Harkati
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al.
- Evaluating snow depth retrievals from Sentinel-1 volume scattering over NASA SnowEx sites Z. Hoppinen et al.
- A laboratory-based spectrometer intercomparison for the measurement of snow spectra B. Roberts-Pierel et al.
- Investigation of Environmental Effects on Coherence Loss in SAR Interferometry for Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval J. Ruiz et al.
- Creeping snow drought threatens Canada’s water supply R. Sarpong et al.
- Snow Water Equivalent from airborne Ku-band data: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al.
- Tower-based C-band radar measurements of an alpine snowpack I. Brangers et al.
- Simulating snow properties and Ku-band backscatter across the forest-tundra ecotone G. Woolley et al.
- Investigating the Impact of Optical Snow Cover Data on L-Band InSAR Snow Water Equivalent Retrievals J. Tarricone et al.
- Exploring the use of multi-source high-resolution satellite data for snow water equivalent reconstruction over mountainous catchments V. Premier et al.
- The Rise and Fall of Alaska and Yukon Glaciers Detected by TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason‐2 Altimeters Using a Novel Glacier‐Threshold Method D. Tao et al.
- Snow depth in high-resolution regional climate model simulations over southern Germany – suitable for extremes and impact-related research? B. Poschlod & A. Daloz
- Satellite Microwave Radiometry for the Observation of Land Surfaces: A General Review C. Vittucci & M. Picchiani
- Snow depth retrieval method for PolSAR data using multi-parameters snow backscattering model H. Qiao et al.
- Bayesian physical–statistical retrieval of snow water equivalent and snow depth from X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar – demonstration using airborne SnowSAr in SnowEx'17 S. Singh et al.
- Identification of Seasonal Snow Phase Changes from C-band SAR Time Series with Dynamic Thresholds G. Beltramone et al.
- Influence of snow spatial variability on cosmic ray neutron snow water equivalent (SWE): case study in a northern prairie H. Kim et al.
- Lowland transboundary river in a cold, semi-arid steppe: review of the Yesil River basin N. Ongdas et al.
- Multi-layered snowpack refractive index estimation based on optical path difference compensation L. Harkati
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al.
- A laser ultrasound system to non-invasively measure compression waves in granular ice mixes J. McCaslin et al.
- Evaluating the utility of active microwave observations as a snow mission concept using observing system simulation experiments E. Cho et al.
- Exploring D-Pol-InSAR Coherence Regions for Snow Water Equivalent Estimation K. Belinska et al.
- Evaluating L-band InSAR snow water equivalent retrievals with repeat ground-penetrating radar and terrestrial lidar surveys in northern Colorado R. Bonnell et al.
- Seasonal dynamics of microbiota in winter-adapted Collembola: Insights into symbiotic relationships and adaptation to low temperatures C. Hao et al.
- Remote sensing of mountain snow from space: status and recommendations S. Gascoin et al.
- Snow Water Equivalent Monitoring—A Review of Large-Scale Remote Sensing Applications S. Schilling et al.
- Retrieving snow depth distribution by downscaling ERA5 Reanalysis with ICESat-2 laser altimetry Z. Liu et al.
- Comparison of snowmelt timing estimates from Sentinel-1 SAR and surface observations in British Columbia, Canada S. Darychuk et al.
- Improving predictions of snow resources using midlatitude SSTs with convergent cross mapping H. Kim et al.
- Scatterometer and multispectral-based image pansharpening for improved spatial resolution snow cover maps R. Kaur et al.
- Characterizing the spatial distribution of field-scale snowpack using unpiloted aerial system (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry E. Cho et al.
- Identifying snowfall elevation patterns by assimilating satellite-based snow depth retrievals M. Girotto et al.
- Spatially distributed snow depth, bulk density, and snow water equivalent from ground-based and airborne sensor integration at Grand Mesa, Colorado, USA T. Meehan et al.
- Retrieval of snow depth using synthetic aperture radar: past, current, and future Z. Li et al.
- L-Band Full-Wave Simulations of the Effective Permittivity of Bi/Tri-Continuous Media With Applications to Firn Aquifer in Polar Regions and Terrestrial Wet Snow Z. Huang et al.
- Ensemble-based data assimilation improves hyperresolution snowpack simulations in forests E. Alonso-González et al.
- Assimilation of L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) snow depth retrievals for improved snowpack quantification P. Shrestha & A. Barros
- Applicability of Precipitation Products in the Endorheic Basin of the Yellow River under Multi-Scale in Time and Modality W. Zhu & K. Liang
- Assessing the Snow Water Equivalent Dynamics of the Brahmaputra River Basin S. Rani et al.
- A machine learning approach for estimating snow depth across the European Alps from Sentinel-1 imagery D. Dunmire et al.
- Extending the utility of space-borne snow water equivalent observations over vegetated areas with data assimilation J. Pflug et al.
- Subgridding high-resolution numerical weather forecast in the Canadian Selkirk mountain range for local snow modeling in a remote sensing perspective P. Billecocq et al.
- A New Method to Simulate the Microwave Effective Snow Grain Size in the Northern Hemisphere Without Using Snow Depth Priors J. Yang et al.
- Sensitivity of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR backscatter, polarimetry and interferometry to snow accumulation in the Alps J. Jans et al.
- Towards long-term records of rain-on-snow events across the Arctic from satellite data A. Bartsch et al.
- High-resolution snow water equivalent estimation: a data-driven method for localized downscaling of climate data F. Zakeri et al.
- Impact of Surface-Volume Scattering Interaction on C-Band Radar Depolarization Signal in Snow-Covered Regions C. Xiong et al.
- Integration of Strong Fluctuation Theory With Rough Soil Models for Improving Snow Backscattering Simulations F. Baroni et al.
- Assessment of L-band InSAR snow estimation techniques over a shallow, heterogeneous prairie snowpack R. Palomaki & E. Sproles
- UAV LiDAR surveys and machine learning improve snow depth and water equivalent estimates in boreal landscapes M. Ylönen et al.
- Evaluation of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product over the Northern Hemisphere J. Ying et al.
- Snow water equivalent retrieved from X- and dual Ku-band scatterometer measurements at Sodankylä using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method J. Pan et al.
- Multi-Band Differential SAR Interferometry for Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval over Alpine Mountains F. Bovenga et al.
- Accelerating Numerical Electromagnetic Scattering Models for Snow Microwave Emission Using Machine Learning Surrogates X. Li & C. Xiong
- Snowpack relative permittivity and density derived from near‐coincident lidar and ground‐penetrating radar R. Bonnell et al.
- Retrieval of snow and soil properties for forward radiative transfer modeling of airborne Ku-band SAR to estimate snow water equivalent: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al.
- Measuring prairie snow water equivalent with combined UAV-borne gamma spectrometry and lidar P. Harder et al.
- Radar-equivalent snowpack: reducing the number of snow layers while retaining their microwave properties and bulk snow mass J. Meloche et al.
- Influence of snowpack properties and local incidence angle on SAR signal depolarization: a mathematical model for high-resolution snow depth estimation A. Mariani et al.
- Design and Implementation of an SFCW Radar Platform for Environmental Monitoring J. Mulders et al.
- Global 0.25-degree gridded Snow water equivalent data derived from machine learning using in-situ measurements J. Seo et al.
- Snow depth derived from Sentinel-1 compared to in situ observations in northern Finland A. Lemos & A. Riihelä
- Retrieval of snow water equivalent from dual-frequency radar measurements: using time series to overcome the need for accurate a priori information M. Durand et al.
- C-Band Radar-Based Improved Snow Depth Estimation (C-RISE) in the Indian Western Himalayas and Colorado Rocky Mountains R. Chandra Prabha et al.
- Retrieving snow water equivalent from GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies using modified spectral combination theory F. Fatolazadeh et al.
- Remote Sensing of Water: The Observation-to-Inference Arc Across Six Decades and Toward an AI-Native Future D. Ames
- Snow loss pinned to human-induced emissions J. Pulliainen
- Scale patterns of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product compared with station measurements and airborne LiDAR observations J. Ying et al.
- Making Waves: Microwaves in Climate Change R. Siegel & P. Siegel
- Assessment of methods for mapping snow albedo from MODIS R. Palomaki et al.
- Characterization of non-Gaussianity in the snow distributions of various landscapes N. Ohara et al.
76 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Estimating snow accumulation and ablation with L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) J. Tarricone et al.
- Monitoring Wet Snow With a Multiband Dual-Receiver Radar System M. Lodigiani et al.
- Quantifying weather-induced unreliable public transportation service in cold regions under future climate model scenarios X. Tian et al.
- Snowpack Permittivity Retrieval Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm L. Harkati
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al.
- Evaluating snow depth retrievals from Sentinel-1 volume scattering over NASA SnowEx sites Z. Hoppinen et al.
- A laboratory-based spectrometer intercomparison for the measurement of snow spectra B. Roberts-Pierel et al.
- Investigation of Environmental Effects on Coherence Loss in SAR Interferometry for Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval J. Ruiz et al.
- Creeping snow drought threatens Canada’s water supply R. Sarpong et al.
- Snow Water Equivalent from airborne Ku-band data: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al.
- Tower-based C-band radar measurements of an alpine snowpack I. Brangers et al.
- Simulating snow properties and Ku-band backscatter across the forest-tundra ecotone G. Woolley et al.
- Investigating the Impact of Optical Snow Cover Data on L-Band InSAR Snow Water Equivalent Retrievals J. Tarricone et al.
- Exploring the use of multi-source high-resolution satellite data for snow water equivalent reconstruction over mountainous catchments V. Premier et al.
- The Rise and Fall of Alaska and Yukon Glaciers Detected by TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason‐2 Altimeters Using a Novel Glacier‐Threshold Method D. Tao et al.
- Snow depth in high-resolution regional climate model simulations over southern Germany – suitable for extremes and impact-related research? B. Poschlod & A. Daloz
- Satellite Microwave Radiometry for the Observation of Land Surfaces: A General Review C. Vittucci & M. Picchiani
- Snow depth retrieval method for PolSAR data using multi-parameters snow backscattering model H. Qiao et al.
- Bayesian physical–statistical retrieval of snow water equivalent and snow depth from X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar – demonstration using airborne SnowSAr in SnowEx'17 S. Singh et al.
- Identification of Seasonal Snow Phase Changes from C-band SAR Time Series with Dynamic Thresholds G. Beltramone et al.
- Influence of snow spatial variability on cosmic ray neutron snow water equivalent (SWE): case study in a northern prairie H. Kim et al.
- Lowland transboundary river in a cold, semi-arid steppe: review of the Yesil River basin N. Ongdas et al.
- Multi-layered snowpack refractive index estimation based on optical path difference compensation L. Harkati
- Recent Advances in Snow Monitoring from Local to Global Scales J. Revuelto et al.
- A laser ultrasound system to non-invasively measure compression waves in granular ice mixes J. McCaslin et al.
- Evaluating the utility of active microwave observations as a snow mission concept using observing system simulation experiments E. Cho et al.
- Exploring D-Pol-InSAR Coherence Regions for Snow Water Equivalent Estimation K. Belinska et al.
- Evaluating L-band InSAR snow water equivalent retrievals with repeat ground-penetrating radar and terrestrial lidar surveys in northern Colorado R. Bonnell et al.
- Seasonal dynamics of microbiota in winter-adapted Collembola: Insights into symbiotic relationships and adaptation to low temperatures C. Hao et al.
- Remote sensing of mountain snow from space: status and recommendations S. Gascoin et al.
- Snow Water Equivalent Monitoring—A Review of Large-Scale Remote Sensing Applications S. Schilling et al.
- Retrieving snow depth distribution by downscaling ERA5 Reanalysis with ICESat-2 laser altimetry Z. Liu et al.
- Comparison of snowmelt timing estimates from Sentinel-1 SAR and surface observations in British Columbia, Canada S. Darychuk et al.
- Improving predictions of snow resources using midlatitude SSTs with convergent cross mapping H. Kim et al.
- Scatterometer and multispectral-based image pansharpening for improved spatial resolution snow cover maps R. Kaur et al.
- Characterizing the spatial distribution of field-scale snowpack using unpiloted aerial system (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry E. Cho et al.
- Identifying snowfall elevation patterns by assimilating satellite-based snow depth retrievals M. Girotto et al.
- Spatially distributed snow depth, bulk density, and snow water equivalent from ground-based and airborne sensor integration at Grand Mesa, Colorado, USA T. Meehan et al.
- Retrieval of snow depth using synthetic aperture radar: past, current, and future Z. Li et al.
- L-Band Full-Wave Simulations of the Effective Permittivity of Bi/Tri-Continuous Media With Applications to Firn Aquifer in Polar Regions and Terrestrial Wet Snow Z. Huang et al.
- Ensemble-based data assimilation improves hyperresolution snowpack simulations in forests E. Alonso-González et al.
- Assimilation of L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) snow depth retrievals for improved snowpack quantification P. Shrestha & A. Barros
- Applicability of Precipitation Products in the Endorheic Basin of the Yellow River under Multi-Scale in Time and Modality W. Zhu & K. Liang
- Assessing the Snow Water Equivalent Dynamics of the Brahmaputra River Basin S. Rani et al.
- A machine learning approach for estimating snow depth across the European Alps from Sentinel-1 imagery D. Dunmire et al.
- Extending the utility of space-borne snow water equivalent observations over vegetated areas with data assimilation J. Pflug et al.
- Subgridding high-resolution numerical weather forecast in the Canadian Selkirk mountain range for local snow modeling in a remote sensing perspective P. Billecocq et al.
- A New Method to Simulate the Microwave Effective Snow Grain Size in the Northern Hemisphere Without Using Snow Depth Priors J. Yang et al.
- Sensitivity of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR backscatter, polarimetry and interferometry to snow accumulation in the Alps J. Jans et al.
- Towards long-term records of rain-on-snow events across the Arctic from satellite data A. Bartsch et al.
- High-resolution snow water equivalent estimation: a data-driven method for localized downscaling of climate data F. Zakeri et al.
- Impact of Surface-Volume Scattering Interaction on C-Band Radar Depolarization Signal in Snow-Covered Regions C. Xiong et al.
- Integration of Strong Fluctuation Theory With Rough Soil Models for Improving Snow Backscattering Simulations F. Baroni et al.
- Assessment of L-band InSAR snow estimation techniques over a shallow, heterogeneous prairie snowpack R. Palomaki & E. Sproles
- UAV LiDAR surveys and machine learning improve snow depth and water equivalent estimates in boreal landscapes M. Ylönen et al.
- Evaluation of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product over the Northern Hemisphere J. Ying et al.
- Snow water equivalent retrieved from X- and dual Ku-band scatterometer measurements at Sodankylä using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method J. Pan et al.
- Multi-Band Differential SAR Interferometry for Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval over Alpine Mountains F. Bovenga et al.
- Accelerating Numerical Electromagnetic Scattering Models for Snow Microwave Emission Using Machine Learning Surrogates X. Li & C. Xiong
- Snowpack relative permittivity and density derived from near‐coincident lidar and ground‐penetrating radar R. Bonnell et al.
- Retrieval of snow and soil properties for forward radiative transfer modeling of airborne Ku-band SAR to estimate snow water equivalent: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al.
- Measuring prairie snow water equivalent with combined UAV-borne gamma spectrometry and lidar P. Harder et al.
- Radar-equivalent snowpack: reducing the number of snow layers while retaining their microwave properties and bulk snow mass J. Meloche et al.
- Influence of snowpack properties and local incidence angle on SAR signal depolarization: a mathematical model for high-resolution snow depth estimation A. Mariani et al.
- Design and Implementation of an SFCW Radar Platform for Environmental Monitoring J. Mulders et al.
- Global 0.25-degree gridded Snow water equivalent data derived from machine learning using in-situ measurements J. Seo et al.
- Snow depth derived from Sentinel-1 compared to in situ observations in northern Finland A. Lemos & A. Riihelä
- Retrieval of snow water equivalent from dual-frequency radar measurements: using time series to overcome the need for accurate a priori information M. Durand et al.
- C-Band Radar-Based Improved Snow Depth Estimation (C-RISE) in the Indian Western Himalayas and Colorado Rocky Mountains R. Chandra Prabha et al.
- Retrieving snow water equivalent from GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies using modified spectral combination theory F. Fatolazadeh et al.
- Remote Sensing of Water: The Observation-to-Inference Arc Across Six Decades and Toward an AI-Native Future D. Ames
- Snow loss pinned to human-induced emissions J. Pulliainen
- Scale patterns of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product compared with station measurements and airborne LiDAR observations J. Ying et al.
- Making Waves: Microwaves in Climate Change R. Siegel & P. Siegel
- Assessment of methods for mapping snow albedo from MODIS R. Palomaki et al.
- Characterization of non-Gaussianity in the snow distributions of various landscapes N. Ohara et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 May 2026
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is of fundamental importance to water, energy, and geochemical cycles but is poorly observed globally. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements at X- and Ku-band can address this gap. This review serves to inform the broad snow research, monitoring, and application communities about the progress made in recent decades to move towards a new satellite mission capable of addressing the needs of the geoscience researchers and users.
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is of fundamental importance to water, energy, and geochemical...