Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3033-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3033-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 01 Aug 2022
| 01 Aug 2022
GBaTSv2: a revised synthesis of the likely basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Joseph A. MacGregor
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
Winnie Chu
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
William T. Colgan
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Mark A. Fahnestock
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
Alaska, United States of America
Denis Felikson
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, United
States of America
Nanna B. Karlsson
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Sophie M. J. Nowicki
Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York,
United States of America
Michael Studinger
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice acceleration and rotation in the Greenland Ice Sheet interior in recent decades A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01322-w
- Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing T. Rieckh et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024
- Evaluating different geothermal heat-flow maps as basal boundary conditions during spin-up of the Greenland ice sheet T. Zhang et al. 10.5194/tc-18-387-2024
- A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0) Y. Fischler et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023
- Ice sheet model simulations reveal that polythermal ice conditions existed across the northeastern USA during the Last Glacial Maximum J. Cuzzone et al. 10.5194/tc-19-1559-2025
- Winter subglacial meltwater detected in a Greenland fjord K. Hansen et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01652-0
- The size of the Greenland Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 3 J. Briner et al. 10.1017/qua.2025.21
- Patterns of valley incision beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet revealed using automated mapping and classification G. Paxman 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108778
- Episodic Subglacial Drainage Cascades Below the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream J. Andersen et al. 10.1029/2023GL103240
- Glacial erosion and history of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland C. Walcott-George et al. 10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025
- Subglacial valleys preserved in the highlands of south and east Greenland record restricted ice extent during past warmer climates G. Paxman et al. 10.5194/tc-18-1467-2024
- Subglacial lake activity beneath the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet Y. Fan et al. 10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023
- Multi‐million‐year evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet in Inglefield Land, North Greenland A. Søndergaard et al. 10.1002/jqs.3725
- Drill-site selection for cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating of the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet J. Briner et al. 10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022
- A revised and expanded deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne radar sounding surveys between 1993 and 2019 J. MacGregor et al. 10.5194/essd-17-2911-2025
- Recent and future variability of the ice-sheet catchment of Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.1017/jog.2024.73
- Outburst of a subglacial flood from the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet J. Bowling et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01746-9
- Design and performance of the Hotrod melt-tip ice-drilling system W. Colgan et al. 10.5194/gi-12-121-2023
- Greenland and Canadian Arctic ice temperature profiles database A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023
- Sixty years of ice form and flow at Camp Century, Greenland W. Colgan et al. 10.1017/jog.2022.112
- Brief communication: Enabling open cryosphere research with Ghub J. Tulenko et al. 10.5194/tc-19-4327-2025
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice acceleration and rotation in the Greenland Ice Sheet interior in recent decades A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01322-w
- Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing T. Rieckh et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024
- Evaluating different geothermal heat-flow maps as basal boundary conditions during spin-up of the Greenland ice sheet T. Zhang et al. 10.5194/tc-18-387-2024
- A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0) Y. Fischler et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023
- Ice sheet model simulations reveal that polythermal ice conditions existed across the northeastern USA during the Last Glacial Maximum J. Cuzzone et al. 10.5194/tc-19-1559-2025
- Winter subglacial meltwater detected in a Greenland fjord K. Hansen et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01652-0
- The size of the Greenland Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 3 J. Briner et al. 10.1017/qua.2025.21
- Patterns of valley incision beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet revealed using automated mapping and classification G. Paxman 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108778
- Episodic Subglacial Drainage Cascades Below the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream J. Andersen et al. 10.1029/2023GL103240
- Glacial erosion and history of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland C. Walcott-George et al. 10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025
- Subglacial valleys preserved in the highlands of south and east Greenland record restricted ice extent during past warmer climates G. Paxman et al. 10.5194/tc-18-1467-2024
- Subglacial lake activity beneath the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet Y. Fan et al. 10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023
- Multi‐million‐year evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet in Inglefield Land, North Greenland A. Søndergaard et al. 10.1002/jqs.3725
- Drill-site selection for cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating of the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet J. Briner et al. 10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022
- A revised and expanded deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne radar sounding surveys between 1993 and 2019 J. MacGregor et al. 10.5194/essd-17-2911-2025
- Recent and future variability of the ice-sheet catchment of Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.1017/jog.2024.73
- Outburst of a subglacial flood from the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet J. Bowling et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01746-9
- Design and performance of the Hotrod melt-tip ice-drilling system W. Colgan et al. 10.5194/gi-12-121-2023
- Greenland and Canadian Arctic ice temperature profiles database A. Løkkegaard et al. 10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023
- Sixty years of ice form and flow at Camp Century, Greenland W. Colgan et al. 10.1017/jog.2022.112
- Brief communication: Enabling open cryosphere research with Ghub J. Tulenko et al. 10.5194/tc-19-4327-2025
Latest update: 30 Oct 2025
Short summary
Where the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet is frozen and where it is thawed is not well known, yet knowing this state is increasingly important to interpret modern changes in ice flow there. We produced a second synthesis of knowledge of the basal thermal state of the ice sheet using airborne and satellite observations and numerical models. About one-third of the ice sheet’s bed is likely thawed; two-fifths is likely frozen; and the remainder is too uncertain to specify.
Where the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet is frozen and where it is thawed is not well known,...
