Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-277-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-277-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 24 Jan 2022
| 24 Jan 2022
Ice-shelf ocean boundary layer dynamics from large-eddy simulations
Carolyn Branecky Begeman
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
Xylar Asay-Davis
Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
Luke Van Roekel
Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
Related authors
Katherine M. Smith, Alice M. Barthel, LeAnn M. Conlon, Luke P. Van Roekel, Anthony Bartoletti, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Chengzhu Zhang, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, James J. Benedict, Gautam Bisht, Yan Feng, Walter Hannah, Bryce E. Harrop, Nicole Jeffery, Wuyin Lin, Po-Lun Ma, Mathew E. Maltrud, Mark R. Petersen, Balwinder Singh, Qi Tang, Teklu Tesfa, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Shaocheng Xie, Xue Zheng, Karthik Balaguru, Oluwayemi Garuba, Peter Gleckler, Aixue Hu, Jiwoo Lee, Ben Moore-Maley, and Ana C. Ordoñez
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1613–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Version 2.1 of the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) adds the Fox-Kemper et al. (2011) mixed-layer eddy parameterization, which restratifies the ocean surface layer through an overturning streamfunction. Results include surface layer bias reduction in temperature, salinity, and sea ice extent in the North Atlantic; a small strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation; and improvements to many atmospheric climatological variables.
Irena Vaňková, Xylar Asay-Davis, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Darin Comeau, Alexander Hager, Matthew Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 19, 507–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-507-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-507-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the effect of subglacial discharge on basal melting for Antarctic ice shelves. We find that the results from previous studies of vertical ice fronts and two-dimensional ice tongues do not translate to the rotating ice-shelf framework. The melt rate dependence on discharge is stronger in the rotating framework. Further, there is a substantial melt-rate sensitivity to the location of the discharge along the grounding line relative to the directionality of the Coriolis force.
Matthew J. Hoffman, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Darin Comeau, Alice Barthel, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan D. Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 18, 2917–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica is susceptible to the intrusion of deep, warm ocean water that could increase the melting at the ice-shelf base by a factor of 10. We show that representing this potential melt regime switch in a low-resolution climate model requires careful treatment of iceberg melting and ocean mixing. We also demonstrate a possible ice-shelf melt domino effect where increased melting of nearby ice shelves can lead to the melt regime switch at Filchner–Ronne.
Sarah U. Neuhaus, Slawek M. Tulaczyk, and Carolyn Branecky Begeman
The Cryosphere, 13, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Relatively few studies have been carried out on icebergs inside fjords, despite the fact that the majority of recent sea level rise has resulted from glaciers terminating in fjords. We examine the size and spatial distribution of icebergs in Columbia Fjord, Alaska, over a period of 8 months to determine their influence on fjord dynamics.
Katherine M. Smith, Alice M. Barthel, LeAnn M. Conlon, Luke P. Van Roekel, Anthony Bartoletti, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Chengzhu Zhang, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, James J. Benedict, Gautam Bisht, Yan Feng, Walter Hannah, Bryce E. Harrop, Nicole Jeffery, Wuyin Lin, Po-Lun Ma, Mathew E. Maltrud, Mark R. Petersen, Balwinder Singh, Qi Tang, Teklu Tesfa, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Shaocheng Xie, Xue Zheng, Karthik Balaguru, Oluwayemi Garuba, Peter Gleckler, Aixue Hu, Jiwoo Lee, Ben Moore-Maley, and Ana C. Ordoñez
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1613–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Version 2.1 of the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) adds the Fox-Kemper et al. (2011) mixed-layer eddy parameterization, which restratifies the ocean surface layer through an overturning streamfunction. Results include surface layer bias reduction in temperature, salinity, and sea ice extent in the North Atlantic; a small strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation; and improvements to many atmospheric climatological variables.
Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, Richard Porter-Smith, Sue Cook, Eva Cougnon, David E. Gwyther, Wilma G. C. Huneke, Madelaine G. Rosevear, Xylar Asay-Davis, Fabio Boeira Dias, Michael S. Dinniman, David Holland, Kazuya Kusahara, Kaitlin A. Naughten, Keith W. Nicholls, Charles Pelletier, Ole Richter, Helene L. Seroussi, and Ralph Timmermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4047, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4047, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Melting beneath Antarctica’s floating ice shelves is key to future sea-level rise. We compare several different ocean simulations with satellite measurements, and provide the first multi-model average estimate of melting and refreezing driven by both ocean temperature and currents beneath ice shelves. The multi-model average can provide a useful tool for better understanding the role of ice shelf melting in present-day and future ice-sheet changes and informing coastal adaptation efforts.
Irena Vaňková, Xylar Asay-Davis, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Darin Comeau, Alexander Hager, Matthew Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 19, 507–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-507-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-507-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the effect of subglacial discharge on basal melting for Antarctic ice shelves. We find that the results from previous studies of vertical ice fronts and two-dimensional ice tongues do not translate to the rotating ice-shelf framework. The melt rate dependence on discharge is stronger in the rotating framework. Further, there is a substantial melt-rate sensitivity to the location of the discharge along the grounding line relative to the directionality of the Coriolis force.
Jan De Rydt, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Mathias van Caspel, Ralph Timmermann, Pierre Mathiot, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, Pierre Dutrieux, Ben Galton-Fenzi, David Holland, and Ronja Reese
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7105–7139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models do not reliably simulate sea-level change due to ice-sheet–ocean interactions. We propose a community modelling effort to conduct a series of well-defined experiments to compare models with observations and study how models respond to a range of perturbations in climate and ice-sheet geometry. The second Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project will continue to lay the groundwork for including ice-sheet–ocean interactions in global-scale IPCC-class models.
Matthew J. Hoffman, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Darin Comeau, Alice Barthel, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan D. Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 18, 2917–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica is susceptible to the intrusion of deep, warm ocean water that could increase the melting at the ice-shelf base by a factor of 10. We show that representing this potential melt regime switch in a low-resolution climate model requires careful treatment of iceberg melting and ocean mixing. We also demonstrate a possible ice-shelf melt domino effect where increased melting of nearby ice shelves can lead to the melt regime switch at Filchner–Ronne.
Sara Calandrini, Darren Engwirda, and Luke Van Roekel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-472, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-472, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Most modern ocean circulation models only consider the hydrostatic pressure, but for coastal phenomena nonhydrostatic effects become important, creating the need to include the nonhydrostatic pressure. In this work, we present a nonhydrostatic formulation for MPAS-Ocean (MPAS-O NH) and show its correctness on idealized benchmark test cases. MPAS-O NH is the first global nonhydrostatic model at variable resolution and is the first nonhydrostatic ocean model to be fully coupled in a climate model.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Qi Tang, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Luke P. Van Roekel, Mark A. Taylor, Wuyin Lin, Benjamin R. Hillman, Paul A. Ullrich, Andrew M. Bradley, Oksana Guba, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Tian Zhou, Kai Zhang, Xue Zheng, Yunyan Zhang, Meng Zhang, Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Cheng Tao, Balwinder Singh, Alan M. Rhoades, Yi Qin, Hong-Yi Li, Yan Feng, Yuying Zhang, Chengzhu Zhang, Charles S. Zender, Shaocheng Xie, Erika L. Roesler, Andrew F. Roberts, Azamat Mametjanov, Mathew E. Maltrud, Noel D. Keen, Robert L. Jacob, Christiane Jablonowski, Owen K. Hughes, Ryan M. Forsyth, Alan V. Di Vittorio, Peter M. Caldwell, Gautam Bisht, Renata B. McCoy, L. Ruby Leung, and David C. Bader
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3953–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3953-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3953-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution simulations are superior to low-resolution ones in capturing regional climate changes and climate extremes. However, uniformly reducing the grid size of a global Earth system model is too computationally expensive. We provide an overview of the fully coupled regionally refined model (RRM) of E3SMv2 and document a first-of-its-kind set of climate production simulations using RRM at an economic cost. The key to this success is our innovative hybrid time step method.
Hyein Jeong, Adrian K. Turner, Andrew F. Roberts, Milena Veneziani, Stephen F. Price, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Luke P. Van Roekel, Wuyin Lin, Peter M. Caldwell, Hyo-Seok Park, Jonathan D. Wolfe, and Azamat Mametjanov
The Cryosphere, 17, 2681–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We find that E3SM-HR reproduces the main features of the Antarctic coastal polynyas. Despite the high amount of coastal sea ice production, the densest water masses are formed in the open ocean. Biases related to the lack of dense water formation are associated with overly strong atmospheric polar easterlies. Our results indicate that the large-scale polar atmospheric circulation must be accurately simulated in models to properly reproduce Antarctic dense water formation.
Olawale James Ikuyajolu, Luke Van Roekel, Steven R. Brus, Erin E. Thomas, Yi Deng, and Sarat Sreepathi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1445–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1445-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1445-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-generated waves play an important role in modifying physical processes at the air–sea interface, but they have been traditionally excluded from climate models due to the high computational cost of running spectral wave models for climate simulations. To address this, our work identified and accelerated the computationally intensive section of WAVEWATCH III on GPU using OpenACC. This allows for high-resolution modeling of atmosphere–wave–ocean feedbacks in century-scale climate integrations.
Chengzhu Zhang, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Ryan Forsyth, Tom Vo, Shaocheng Xie, Zeshawn Shaheen, Gerald L. Potter, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Charles S. Zender, Wuyin Lin, Chih-Chieh Chen, Chris R. Terai, Salil Mahajan, Tian Zhou, Karthik Balaguru, Qi Tang, Cheng Tao, Yuying Zhang, Todd Emmenegger, Susannah Burrows, and Paul A. Ullrich
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9031–9056, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9031-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9031-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system model (ESM) developers run automated analysis tools on data from candidate models to inform model development. This paper introduces a new Python package, E3SM Diags, that has been developed to support ESM development and use routinely in the development of DOE's Energy Exascale Earth System Model. This tool covers a set of essential diagnostics to evaluate the mean physical climate from simulations, as well as several process-oriented and phenomenon-based evaluation diagnostics.
Xue Zheng, Qing Li, Tian Zhou, Qi Tang, Luke P. Van Roekel, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Hailong Wang, and Philip Cameron-Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3941–3967, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3941-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3941-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We document the model experiments for the future climate projection by E3SMv1.0. At the highest future emission scenario, E3SMv1.0 projects a strong surface warming with rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land runoff. Specifically, we detect a significant polar amplification and accelerated warming linked to the unmasking of the aerosol effects. The impact of greenhouse gas forcing is examined in different climate components.
Gunter R. Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, and Xylar S. Asay-Davis
The Cryosphere, 15, 3229–3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present numerical features of the Community Ice Sheet Model in representing ocean termini glaciers. Using idealized test cases, we show that applying melt in a partly grounded cell is beneficial, in contrast to recent studies. We confirm that parameterizing partly grounded cells yields accurate ice sheet representation at a grid resolution of ~2 km (arguably 4 km), allowing ice sheet simulations at a continental scale. The choice of basal friction law also influences the ice flow.
Steven R. Brus, Phillip J. Wolfram, Luke P. Van Roekel, and Jessica D. Meixner
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2917–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-generated waves are an important process in the global climate system. They mediate many interactions between the ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice. Models which describe these waves are computationally expensive and have often been excluded from coupled Earth system models. To address this, we have developed a capability for the WAVEWATCH III model which allows model resolution to be varied globally across the coastal open ocean. This allows for improved accuracy at reduced computing time.
Qing Li and Luke Van Roekel
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2011–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Physical processes in the ocean span multiple spatial and temporal scales. Simultaneously resolving all these in a simulation is computationally challenging. Here we develop a more efficient technique to better study the interactions across scales, particularly focusing on the ocean surface turbulent mixing, by coupling a global ocean circulation model MPAS-Ocean and a large eddy simulation model PALM. The latter is customized and ported on a GPU to further accelerate the computation.
William H. Lipscomb, Gunter R. Leguy, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Xylar Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, and Sophie Nowicki
The Cryosphere, 15, 633–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes Antarctic climate change experiments in which the Community Ice Sheet Model is forced with ocean warming predicted by global climate models. Generally, ice loss begins slowly, accelerates by 2100, and then continues unabated, with widespread retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The mass loss by 2500 varies from about 150 to 1300 mm of equivalent sea level rise, based on the predicted ocean warming and assumptions about how this warming drives melting beneath ice shelves.
Tong Zhang, Stephen F. Price, Matthew J. Hoffman, Mauro Perego, and Xylar Asay-Davis
The Cryosphere, 14, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, 2020
Nicolas C. Jourdain, Xylar Asay-Davis, Tore Hattermann, Fiammetta Straneo, Hélène Seroussi, Christopher M. Little, and Sophie Nowicki
The Cryosphere, 14, 3111–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To predict the future Antarctic contribution to sea level rise, we need to use ice sheet models. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for AR6 (ISMIP6) builds an ensemble of ice sheet projections constrained by atmosphere and ocean projections from the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In this work, we present and assess a method to derive ice shelf basal melting in ISMIP6 from the CMIP6 ocean outputs, and we give examples of projected melt rates.
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over at least the past 3 decades in response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This study presents an ensemble of model simulations of the Antarctic evolution over the 2015–2100 period based on various ice sheet models, climate forcings and emission scenarios. Results suggest that the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue losing a large amount of ice, while the East Antarctic ice sheet could experience increased snow accumulation.
Sophie Nowicki, Heiko Goelzer, Hélène Seroussi, Anthony J. Payne, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Patrick Alexander, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Richard Cullather, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, Jonathan M. Gregory, Tore Hattermann, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Eric Larour, Christopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Isabel Nias, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Donald Slater, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Luke D. Trusel, Michiel R. van den Broeke, and Roderik van de Wal
The Cryosphere, 14, 2331–2368, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2331-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2331-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the experimental protocol for ice sheet models taking part in the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparion Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) and presents an overview of the atmospheric and oceanic datasets to be used for the simulations. The ISMIP6 framework allows for exploring the uncertainty in 21st century sea level change from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Stephen L. Cornford, Helene Seroussi, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Rob Arthern, Chris Borstad, Julia Christmann, Thiago Dias dos Santos, Johannes Feldmann, Daniel Goldberg, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Thomas Kleiner, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, Nacho Merino, Gaël Durand, Mathieu Morlighem, David Pollard, Martin Rückamp, C. Rosie Williams, and Hongju Yu
The Cryosphere, 14, 2283–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of the third Marine Ice Sheet Intercomparison Project (MISMIP+). MISMIP+ is one in a series of exercises that test numerical models of ice sheet flow in simple situations. This particular exercise concentrates on the response of ice sheet models to the thinning of their floating ice shelves, which is of interest because numerical models are currently used to model the response to contemporary and near-future thinning in Antarctic ice shelves.
Sarah U. Neuhaus, Slawek M. Tulaczyk, and Carolyn Branecky Begeman
The Cryosphere, 13, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Relatively few studies have been carried out on icebergs inside fjords, despite the fact that the majority of recent sea level rise has resulted from glaciers terminating in fjords. We examine the size and spatial distribution of icebergs in Columbia Fjord, Alaska, over a period of 8 months to determine their influence on fjord dynamics.
Ronja Reese, Torsten Albrecht, Matthias Mengel, Xylar Asay-Davis, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 12, 1969–1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1969-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1969-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Floating ice shelves surround most of Antarctica and ocean-driven melting at their bases is a major reason for its current sea-level contribution. We developed a simple model based on a box model approach that captures the vertical ocean circulation generally present in ice-shelf cavities and allows simulating melt rates in accordance with physical processes beneath the ice. We test the model for all Antarctic ice shelves and find that melt rates and melt patterns agree well with observations.
Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Stephen L. Cornford, Gaël Durand, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert M. Gladstone, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Tore Hattermann, David M. Holland, Denise Holland, Paul R. Holland, Daniel F. Martin, Pierre Mathiot, Frank Pattyn, and Hélène Seroussi
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2471–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2471-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2471-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coupled ice sheet–ocean models capable of simulating moving grounding lines are just becoming available. Such models have a broad range of potential applications in studying the dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers, including assessing their contributions to sea level change. Here we describe the idealized experiments that make up three interrelated Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) for marine ice sheet models and regional ocean circulation models incorporating ice shelf cavities.
G. R. Leguy, X. S. Asay-Davis, and W. H. Lipscomb
The Cryosphere, 8, 1239–1259, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1239-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1239-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Discipline: Ice sheets | Subject: Ice Shelf
Wave erosion, frontal bending, and calving at Ross Ice Shelf
An analysis of the interaction between surface and basal crevasses in ice shelves
The importance of cloud properties when assessing surface melting in an offline-coupled firn model over Ross Ice shelf, West Antarctica
Coupled ice–ocean interactions during future retreat of West Antarctic ice streams in the Amundsen Sea sector
Responses of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers to melt and sliding parameterizations
Extreme melting at Greenland's largest floating ice tongue
The complex basal morphology and ice dynamics of the Nansen Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Unveiling spatial variability within the Dotson Melt Channel through high-resolution basal melt rates from the Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
Brief communication: Is vertical shear in an ice shelf (still) negligible?
Change in Antarctic ice shelf area from 2009 to 2019
Predicting ocean-induced ice-shelf melt rates using deep learning
Glaciological history and structural evolution of the Shackleton Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica, over the past 60 years
An assessment of basal melt parameterisations for Antarctic ice shelves
Surface melt on the Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica (2003–2021)
The effect of hydrology and crevasse wall contact on calving
On the evolution of an ice shelf melt channel at the base of Filchner Ice Shelf, from observations and viscoelastic modeling
Ongoing grounding line retreat and fracturing initiated at the Petermann Glacier ice shelf, Greenland, after 2016
Shear-margin melting causes stronger transient ice discharge than ice-stream melting in idealized simulations
Basal melt of the southern Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Automatic delineation of cracks with Sentinel-1 interferometry for monitoring ice shelf damage and calving
Weakening of the pinning point buttressing Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
The potential of synthetic aperture radar interferometry for assessing meltwater lake dynamics on Antarctic ice shelves
Two decades of dynamic change and progressive destabilization on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf
Mechanics and dynamics of pinning points on the Shirase Coast, West Antarctica
Evidence for a grounding line fan at the onset of a basal channel under the ice shelf of Support Force Glacier, Antarctica, revealed by reflection seismics
The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
The 2020 Larsen C Ice Shelf surface melt is a 40-year record high
Diagnosing the sensitivity of grounding-line flux to changes in sub-ice-shelf melting
A protocol for calculating basal melt rates in the ISMIP6 Antarctic ice sheet projections
Lateral meltwater transfer across an Antarctic ice shelf
Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening
Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar for tide modelling in Antarctic ice-shelf grounding zones
Ice shelf basal melt rates from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) record for Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica
Spatial and temporal variations in basal melting at Nivlisen ice shelf, East Antarctica, derived from phase-sensitive radars
Past and future dynamics of the Brunt Ice Shelf from seabed bathymetry and ice shelf geometry
Nicolas B. Sartore, Till J. W. Wagner, Matthew R. Siegfried, Nimish Pujara, and Lucas K. Zoet
The Cryosphere, 19, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-249-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-249-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how waves may erode the front of Antarctica's largest ice shelf, Ross Ice Shelf, and how this results in bending forces that can cause deformation of the near-front shelf and trigger intermediate-scale calving (with icebergs of lengths ∼ 100 m). We compare satellite observations to theoretical estimates of erosion and ice shelf bending in order to better understand the processes underlying this type of calving and its role in the overall ice shelf mass flux.
Maryam Zarrinderakht, Christian Schoof, and Anthony Peirce
The Cryosphere, 18, 3841–3856, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3841-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3841-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the study is to understand the interactions between surface and basal crevasses by conducting a stability analysis and addressing the implications of the findings for potential calving laws. The study's findings indicate that, while the propagation of one crack in the case of two aligned surface and basal crevasses does not significantly reinforce the propagation of the other, the presence of multiple crevasses on one side enhances stability and decreases crack propagation.
Nicolaj Hansen, Andrew Orr, Xun Zou, Fredrik Boberg, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Ella Gilbert, Peter L. Langen, Matthew A. Lazzara, Ruth Mottram, Tony Phillips, Ruth Price, Sebastian B. Simonsen, and Stuart Webster
The Cryosphere, 18, 2897–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated a melt event over the Ross Ice Shelf. We use regional climate models and a firn model to simulate the melt and compare the results with satellite data. We find that the firn model aligned well with observed melt days in certain parts of the ice shelf. The firn model had challenges accurately simulating the melt extent in the western sector. We identified potential reasons for these discrepancies, pointing to limitations in the models related to representing the cloud properties.
David T. Bett, Alexander T. Bradley, C. Rosie Williams, Paul R. Holland, Robert J. Arthern, and Daniel N. Goldberg
The Cryosphere, 18, 2653–2675, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new ice–ocean model simulates future ice sheet evolution in the Amundsen Sea sector of Antarctica. Substantial ice retreat is simulated in all scenarios, with some retreat still occurring even with no future ocean melting. The future of small "pinning points" (islands of ice that contact the seabed) is an important control on this retreat. Ocean melting is crucial in causing these features to go afloat, providing the link by which climate change may affect this sector's sea level contribution.
Ian Joughin, Daniel Shapero, and Pierre Dutrieux
The Cryosphere, 18, 2583–2601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are losing ice to the ocean rapidly as warmer water melts their floating ice shelves. Models help determine how much such glaciers will contribute to sea level. We find that ice loss varies in response to how much melting the ice shelves are subjected to. Our estimated losses are also sensitive to how much the friction beneath the glaciers is reduced as it goes afloat. Melt-forced sea level rise from these glaciers is likely to be less than 10 cm by 2300.
Ole Zeising, Niklas Neckel, Nils Dörr, Veit Helm, Daniel Steinhage, Ralph Timmermann, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 18, 1333–1357, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 79° North Glacier in Greenland has experienced significant changes over the last decades. Due to extreme melt rates, the ice has thinned significantly in the vicinity of the grounding line, where a large subglacial channel has formed since 2010. We attribute these changes to warm ocean currents and increased subglacial discharge from surface melt. However, basal melting has decreased since 2018, indicating colder water inflow into the cavity below the glacier.
Christine F. Dow, Derek Mueller, Peter Wray, Drew Friedrichs, Alexander L. Forrest, Jasmin B. McInerney, Jamin Greenbaum, Donald D. Blankenship, Choon Ki Lee, and Won Sang Lee
The Cryosphere, 18, 1105–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are a key control on Antarctic contribution to sea level rise. We examine the Nansen Ice Shelf in East Antarctica using a combination of field-based and satellite data. We find the basal topography of the ice shelf is highly variable, only partially visible in satellite datasets. We also find that the thinnest region of the ice shelf is altered over time by ice flow rates and ocean melting. These processes can cause fractures to form that eventually result in large calving events.
Ann-Sofie Priergaard Zinck, Bert Wouters, Erwin Lambert, and Stef Lhermitte
The Cryosphere, 17, 3785–3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ice shelves in Antarctica are melting from below, which puts their stability at risk. Therefore, it is important to observe how much and where they are melting. In this study we use high-resolution satellite imagery to derive 50 m resolution basal melt rates of the Dotson Ice Shelf. With the high resolution of our product we are able to uncover small-scale features which may in the future help us to understand the state and fate of the Antarctic ice shelves and their (in)stability.
Chris Miele, Timothy C. Bartholomaus, and Ellyn M. Enderlin
The Cryosphere, 17, 2701–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical shear stress (the stress orientation usually associated with vertical gradients in horizontal velocities) is a key component of the stress balance of ice shelves. However, partly due to historical assumptions, vertical shear is often misspoken of today as
negligiblein ice shelf models. We address this miscommunication, providing conceptual guidance regarding this often misrepresented stress. Fundamentally, vertical shear is required to balance thickness gradients in ice shelves.
Julia R. Andreasen, Anna E. Hogg, and Heather L. Selley
The Cryosphere, 17, 2059–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are few long-term, high spatial resolution observations of ice shelf change in Antarctica over the past 3 decades. In this study, we use high spatial resolution observations to map the annual calving front location on 34 ice shelves around Antarctica from 2009 to 2019 using satellite data. The results provide a comprehensive assessment of ice front migration across Antarctica over the last decade.
Sebastian H. R. Rosier, Christopher Y. S. Bull, Wai L. Woo, and G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
The Cryosphere, 17, 499–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Future ice loss from Antarctica could raise sea levels by several metres, and key to this is the rate at which the ocean melts the ice sheet from below. Existing methods for modelling this process are either computationally expensive or very simplified. We present a new approach using machine learning to mimic the melt rates calculated by an ocean model but in a fraction of the time. This approach may provide a powerful alternative to existing methods, without compromising on accuracy or speed.
Sarah S. Thompson, Bernd Kulessa, Adrian Luckman, Jacqueline A. Halpin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Tyler Pelle, Feras Habbal, Jingxue Guo, Lenneke M. Jong, Jason L. Roberts, Bo Sun, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite imagery and ice penetrating radar to investigate the stability of the Shackleton system in East Antarctica. We find significant changes in surface structures across the system and observe a significant increase in ice flow speed (up to 50 %) on the floating part of Scott Glacier. We conclude that knowledge remains woefully insufficient to explain recent observed changes in the grounded and floating regions of the system.
Clara Burgard, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Ronja Reese, Adrian Jenkins, and Pierre Mathiot
The Cryosphere, 16, 4931–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean-induced melt at the base of the floating ice shelves around Antarctica is one of the largest uncertainty factors in the Antarctic contribution to future sea-level rise. We assess the performance of several existing parameterisations in simulating basal melt rates on a circum-Antarctic scale, using an ocean simulation resolving the cavities below the shelves as our reference. We find that the simple quadratic slope-independent and plume parameterisations yield the best compromise.
Dominic Saunderson, Andrew Mackintosh, Felicity McCormack, Richard Selwyn Jones, and Ghislain Picard
The Cryosphere, 16, 4553–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the variability in surface melt on the Shackleton Ice Shelf in East Antarctica over the last 2 decades (2003–2021). Using daily satellite observations and the machine learning approach of a self-organising map, we identify nine distinct spatial patterns of melt. These patterns allow comparisons of melt within and across melt seasons and highlight the importance of both air temperatures and local controls such as topography, katabatic winds, and albedo in driving surface melt.
Maryam Zarrinderakht, Christian Schoof, and Anthony Peirce
The Cryosphere, 16, 4491–4512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Iceberg calving is the reason for more than half of mass loss in both Greenland and Antarctica and indirectly contributes to sea-level rise. Our study models iceberg calving by linear elastic fracture mechanics and uses a boundary element method to compute crack tip propagation. This model handles the contact condition: preventing crack faces from penetrating into each other and enabling the derivation of calving laws for different forms of hydrological forcing.
Angelika Humbert, Julia Christmann, Hugh F. J. Corr, Veit Helm, Lea-Sophie Höyns, Coen Hofstede, Ralf Müller, Niklas Neckel, Keith W. Nicholls, Timm Schultz, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Wolovick, and Ole Zeising
The Cryosphere, 16, 4107–4139, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are normally flat structures that fringe the Antarctic continent. At some locations they have channels incised into their underside. On Filchner Ice Shelf, such a channel is more than 50 km long and up to 330 m high. We conducted field measurements of basal melt rates and found a maximum of 2 m yr−1. Simulations represent the geometry evolution of the channel reasonably well. There is no reason to assume that this type of melt channel is destabilizing ice shelves.
Romain Millan, Jeremie Mouginot, Anna Derkacheva, Eric Rignot, Pietro Milillo, Enrico Ciraci, Luigi Dini, and Anders Bjørk
The Cryosphere, 16, 3021–3031, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We detect for the first time a dramatic retreat of the grounding line of Petermann Glacier, a major glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Using satellite data, we also observe a speedup of the glacier and a fracturing of the ice shelf. This sequence of events is coherent with ocean warming in this region and suggests that Petermann Glacier has initiated a phase of destabilization, which is of prime importance for the stability and future contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level rise.
Johannes Feldmann, Ronja Reese, Ricarda Winkelmann, and Anders Levermann
The Cryosphere, 16, 1927–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to simulate the flow of a simplified, buttressed Antarctic-type outlet glacier with an attached ice shelf. We find that after a few years of perturbation such a glacier responds much stronger to melting under the ice-shelf shear margins than to melting in the central fast streaming part of the ice shelf. This study explains the underlying physical mechanism which might gain importance in the future if melt rates under the Antarctic ice shelves continue to increase.
Ole Zeising, Daniel Steinhage, Keith W. Nicholls, Hugh F. J. Corr, Craig L. Stewart, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 16, 1469–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Remote-sensing-derived basal melt rates of ice shelves are of great importance due to their capability to cover larger areas. We performed in situ measurements with a phase-sensitive radar on the southern Filchner Ice Shelf, showing moderate melt rates and low small-scale spatial variability. The comparison with remote-sensing-based melt rates revealed large differences caused by the estimation of vertical strain rates from remote sensing velocity fields that modern fields can overcome.
Ludivine Libert, Jan Wuite, and Thomas Nagler
The Cryosphere, 16, 1523–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Open fractures are important to monitor because they weaken the ice shelf structure. We propose a novel approach using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry for automatic delineation of ice shelf cracks. The method is applied to Sentinel-1 images of Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the propagation of the North Rift, which led to iceberg calving in February 2021, is traced. It is also shown that SAR interferometry is more sensitive to rifting than SAR backscatter and optical imagery.
Christian T. Wild, Karen E. Alley, Atsuhiro Muto, Martin Truffer, Ted A. Scambos, and Erin C. Pettit
The Cryosphere, 16, 397–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-397-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thwaites Glacier has the potential to significantly raise Antarctica's contribution to global sea-level rise by the end of this century. Here, we use satellite measurements of surface elevation to show that its floating part is close to losing contact with an underwater ridge that currently acts to stabilize. We then use computer models of ice flow to simulate the predicted unpinning, which show that accelerated ice discharge into the ocean follows the breakup of the floating part.
Weiran Li, Stef Lhermitte, and Paco López-Dekker
The Cryosphere, 15, 5309–5322, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Surface meltwater lakes have been observed on several Antarctic ice shelves in field studies and optical images. Meltwater lakes can drain and refreeze, increasing the fragility of the ice shelves. The combination of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter and interferometric information (InSAR) can provide the cryosphere community with the possibility to continuously assess the dynamics of the meltwater lakes, potentially helping to facilitate the study of ice shelves in a changing climate.
Karen E. Alley, Christian T. Wild, Adrian Luckman, Ted A. Scambos, Martin Truffer, Erin C. Pettit, Atsuhiro Muto, Bruce Wallin, Marin Klinger, Tyler Sutterley, Sarah F. Child, Cyrus Hulen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Michelle Maclennan, Eric Keenan, and Devon Dunmire
The Cryosphere, 15, 5187–5203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 20-year, satellite-based record of velocity and thickness change on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (TEIS), the largest remaining floating extension of Thwaites Glacier (TG). TG holds the single greatest control on sea-level rise over the next few centuries, so it is important to understand changes on the TEIS, which controls much of TG's flow into the ocean. Our results suggest that the TEIS is progressively destabilizing and is likely to disintegrate over the next few decades.
Holly Still and Christina Hulbe
The Cryosphere, 15, 2647–2665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2647-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2647-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Pinning points, locations where floating ice shelves run aground, modify ice flow and thickness. We use a model to quantify the Ross Ice Shelf and tributary ice stream response to a group of pinning points. Ice stream sensitivity to pinning points is conditioned by basal drag, and thus basal properties, upstream of the grounding line. Without the pinning points, a redistribution of resistive stresses supports faster flow and increased mass flux but with a negligible change in total ice volume.
Coen Hofstede, Sebastian Beyer, Hugh Corr, Olaf Eisen, Tore Hattermann, Veit Helm, Niklas Neckel, Emma C. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Ole Zeising, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 15, 1517–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Support Force Glacier rapidly flows into Filcher Ice Shelf of Antarctica. As we know little about this glacier and its subglacial drainage, we used seismic energy to map the transition area from grounded to floating ice where a drainage channel enters the ocean cavity. Soft sediments close to the grounding line are probably transported by this drainage channel. The constant ice thickness over the steeply dipping seabed of the ocean cavity suggests a stable transition and little basal melting.
Alison F. Banwell, Rajashree Tri Datta, Rebecca L. Dell, Mahsa Moussavi, Ludovic Brucker, Ghislain Picard, Christopher A. Shuman, and Laura A. Stevens
The Cryosphere, 15, 909–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-909-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are thick floating layers of glacier ice extending from the glaciers on land that buttress much of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and help to protect it from losing ice to the ocean. However, the stability of ice shelves is vulnerable to meltwater lakes that form on their surfaces during the summer. This study focuses on the northern George VI Ice Shelf on the western side of the AP, which had an exceptionally long and extensive melt season in 2019/2020 compared to the previous 31 seasons.
Suzanne Bevan, Adrian Luckman, Harry Hendon, and Guomin Wang
The Cryosphere, 14, 3551–3564, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In February 2020, along with record-breaking high temperatures in the region, satellite images showed that the surface of the largest remaining ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula was experiencing a lot of melt. Using archived satellite data we show that this melt was greater than any in the past 40 years. The extreme melt followed unusual weather patterns further north, highlighting the importance of long-range links between the tropics and high latitudes and the impact on ice-shelf stability.
Tong Zhang, Stephen F. Price, Matthew J. Hoffman, Mauro Perego, and Xylar Asay-Davis
The Cryosphere, 14, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3407-2020, 2020
Nicolas C. Jourdain, Xylar Asay-Davis, Tore Hattermann, Fiammetta Straneo, Hélène Seroussi, Christopher M. Little, and Sophie Nowicki
The Cryosphere, 14, 3111–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To predict the future Antarctic contribution to sea level rise, we need to use ice sheet models. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for AR6 (ISMIP6) builds an ensemble of ice sheet projections constrained by atmosphere and ocean projections from the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In this work, we present and assess a method to derive ice shelf basal melting in ISMIP6 from the CMIP6 ocean outputs, and we give examples of projected melt rates.
Rebecca Dell, Neil Arnold, Ian Willis, Alison Banwell, Andrew Williamson, Hamish Pritchard, and Andrew Orr
The Cryosphere, 14, 2313–2330, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2313-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2313-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A semi-automated method is developed from pre-existing work to track surface water bodies across Antarctic ice shelves over time, using data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8. This method is applied to the Nivlisen Ice Shelf for the 2016–2017 melt season. The results reveal two large linear meltwater systems, which hold 63 % of the peak total surface meltwater volume on 26 January 2017. These meltwater systems migrate towards the ice shelf front as the melt season progresses.
Bradley Paul Lipovsky
The Cryosphere, 14, 1673–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1673-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1673-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves promote the stability of marine ice sheets and therefore reduce the ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. Ice shelf rifts are through-cutting fractures that jeopardize this stabilizing tendency. Here, I carry out the first-ever 3D modeling of ice shelf rifts. I find that the overall ice shelf geometry – particularly the ice shelf margins – alters rift stability. This work paves the way to a more realistic depiction of rifting in ice sheet models.
Wei Wei, Donald D. Blankenship, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Noel Gourmelen, Christine F. Dow, Thomas G. Richter, Chad A. Greene, Duncan A. Young, SangHoon Lee, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, and Karen M. Assmann
The Cryosphere, 14, 1399–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Getz Ice Shelf is the largest meltwater source from Antarctica of the Southern Ocean. This study compares the relative importance of the meltwater production of Getz from both ocean and subglacial sources. We show that basal melt rates are elevated where bathymetric troughs provide pathways for warm Circumpolar Deep Water to enter the Getz Ice Shelf cavity. In particular, we find that subshelf melting is enhanced where subglacially discharged fresh water flows across the grounding line.
Christian T. Wild, Oliver J. Marsh, and Wolfgang Rack
The Cryosphere, 13, 3171–3191, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In Antarctica, ocean tides control the motion of ice sheets near the coastline as well as melt rates underneath the floating ice. By combining the spatial advantage of rare but highly accurate satellite images with the temporal advantage of tide-prediction models, vertical displacement of floating ice due to ocean tides can now be predicted accurately. This allows the detailed study of ice-flow dynamics in areas that matter the most to the stability of Antarctica's ice sheets.
David E. Shean, Ian R. Joughin, Pierre Dutrieux, Benjamin E. Smith, and Etienne Berthier
The Cryosphere, 13, 2633–2656, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2633-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2633-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We produced an 8-year, high-resolution DEM record for Pine Island Glacier (PIG), a site of substantial Antarctic mass loss in recent decades. We developed methods to study the spatiotemporal evolution of ice shelf basal melting, which is responsible for ~ 60 % of PIG mass loss. We present shelf-wide basal melt rates and document relative melt rates for kilometer-scale basal channels and keels, offering new indirect observations of ice–ocean interaction beneath a vulnerable ice shelf.
Katrin Lindbäck, Geir Moholdt, Keith W. Nicholls, Tore Hattermann, Bhanu Pratap, Meloth Thamban, and Kenichi Matsuoka
The Cryosphere, 13, 2579–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2579-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2579-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used a ground-penetrating radar technique to measure melting at high precision under Nivlisen, an ice shelf in central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. We found that summer-warmed ocean surface waters can increase melting close to the ice shelf front. Our study shows the use of and need for measurements in the field to monitor Antarctica's coastal margins; these detailed variations in basal melting are not captured in satellite data but are vital to predict future changes.
Dominic A. Hodgson, Tom A. Jordan, Jan De Rydt, Peter T. Fretwell, Samuel A. Seddon, David Becker, Kelly A. Hogan, Andrew M. Smith, and David G. Vaughan
The Cryosphere, 13, 545–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-545-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-545-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica is home to Halley VIa, the latest in a series of six British research stations that have occupied the ice shelf since 1956. A recent rapid growth of rifts in the Brunt Ice Shelf signals the onset of its largest calving event since records began. Here we consider whether this calving event will lead to a new steady state for the ice shelf or an unpinning from the bed, which could predispose it to accelerated flow or collapse.
Cited articles
Abkar, M. and Moin, P.: Large-Eddy Simulation of Thermally Stratified
Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flow Using a Minimum Dissipation
Model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 165, 405–419,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0288-4, 2017. a, b, c, d
Abkar, M., Bae, H. J., and Moin, P.: Minimum-dissipation scalar transport model
for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows, Physical Review Fluids, 1,
041701, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.041701, 2016. a, b
Armenio, V. and Sarkar, S.: An investigation of stably stratified turbulent
channel flow using large-eddy simulation, J. Fluid Mech., 459,
1–42, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002007851, 2002. a
Arya, S. P. S.: Buoyancy effects in a horizontal flat-plate boundary layer,
J. Fluid Mech., 68, 321–343, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112075000833, 1975. a
Asay-Davis, X. S., Cornford, S. L., Durand, G., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R. M., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hattermann, T., Holland, D. M., Holland, D., Holland, P. R., Martin, D. F., Mathiot, P., Pattyn, F., and Seroussi, H.: Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP +), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP +) and MISOMIP v. 1 (MISOMIP1), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2471–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2471-2016, 2016. a
Begeman, C. B., Qing, L., Van Roekel, L. R., Smith, K., and Asay-Davis, X. S.: LANL Contributions to PArallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM), 1.0.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory, GitHub [software], available at: https://github.com/lanl/palm_lanl, 2021. a
Begeman, C. B., Asay-Davis, X., and Van Roekel, L. R.: Simulation data for “Ice-ocean boundary layer dynamics from large-eddy simulations”, FigShare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17900177, 2022. a
Carpenter, J. R., Balmforth, N. J., and Lawrence, G. A.: Identifying unstable
modes in stratified shear layers, Phys. Fluids, 22, 054104,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3379845, 2010. a
Cheng, C., Jenkins, A., Wang, Z., and Liu, C.: Modeling the vertical structure
of the ice shelf–ocean boundary current under supercooled condition with
suspended frazil ice processes: A case study underneath the Amery Ice
Shelf, East Antarctica, Ocean Model., 156, 101712,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101712, 2020. a
Davis, P. E. D. and Nicholls, K. W.: Turbulence Observations beneath Larsen
C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 5529–5550,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015164, 2019. a
del Álamo, J. C. and Jiménez, J.: Spectra of the very large anisotropic
scales in turbulent channels, Phys. Fluids, 15, L41–L44,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570830, 2003. a
Dinniman, M., Asay-Davis, X., Galton-Fenzi, B., Holland, P., Jenkins, A., and
Timmermann, R.: Modeling Ice Shelf/Ocean Interaction in Antarctica:
A Review, Oceanography, 29, 144–153, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.106,
2016. a
Donda, J. M. M., van Hooijdonk, I. G. S., Moene, A. F., Jonker, H. J. J.,
van Heijst, G. J. F., Clercx, H. J. H., and van de Wiel, B. J. H.: Collapse of
turbulence in stably stratified channel flow: a transient phenomenon,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2137–2147,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2511, 2015. a
Edwards, T. L., Nowicki, S., Marzeion, B., Hock, R., Goelzer, H., Seroussi, H.,
Jourdain, N. C., Slater, D. A., Turner, F. E., Smith, C. J., McKenna, C. M.,
Simon, E., Abe-Ouchi, A., Gregory, J. M., Larour, E., Lipscomb, W. H., Payne,
A. J., Shepherd, A., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Albrecht, T., Anderson, B.,
Asay-Davis, X., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Bliss, A., Calov, R., Chambers,
C., Champollion, N., Choi, Y., Cullather, R., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C.,
Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Fujita, K., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R.,
Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A.,
Huss, M., Huybrechts, P., Immerzeel, W., Kleiner, T., Kraaijenbrink, P.,
Le Clec’h, S., Lee, V., Leguy, G. R., Little, C. M., Lowry, D. P., Malles,
J.-H., Martin, D. F., Maussion, F., Morlighem, M., O’Neill, J. F., Nias,
I., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Radić, V., Reese, R.,
Rounce, D. R., Rückamp, M., Sakai, A., Shafer, C., Schlegel, N.-J., Shannon,
S., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Tarasov, L., Trusel, L. D.,
Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R., van den Broeke, M., Winkelmann, R.,
Zekollari, H., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: Projected land ice
contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise, Nature, 593, 74–82,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y, 2021. a
Favier, L., Jourdain, N. C., Jenkins, A., Merino, N., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., and Mathiot, P.: Assessment of sub-shelf melting parameterisations using the ocean–ice-sheet coupled model NEMO(v3.6)–Elmer/Ice(v8.3) , Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2255–2283, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2255-2019, 2019. a
Flores, O. and Riley, J. J.: Analysis of Turbulence Collapse in the
Stably Stratified Surface Layer Using Direct Numerical
Simulation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 139, 241–259,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9588-2, 2011. a
Franks, P. J. S.: Has Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis been tested? Mixed
layers vs. turbulent layers, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 72, 1897–1907,
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu175, 2015. a
Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Hunter, J. R., Coleman, R., Marsland, S. J., and Warner,
R. C.: Modeling the basal melting and marine ice accretion of the Amery
Ice Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C09031,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008214, 2012. a
García-Villalba, M. and del Álamo, J. C.: Turbulence modification by stable
stratification in channel flow, Phys. Fluids, 23, 045104,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3560359, 2011. a
Gwyther, D. E., Spain, E. A., King, P., Guihen, D., Williams, G. D., Evans, E.,
Cook, S., Richter, O., Galton‐Fenzi, B. K., and Coleman, R.: Cold Ocean
Cavity and Weak Basal Melting of the Sørsdal Ice Shelf
Revealed by Surveys Using Autonomous Platforms, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015882,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015882, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
Hattermann, T., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M., and Smedsrud, L. H.: Two years of
oceanic observations below the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051012, 2012. a
Holland, D. M. and Jenkins, A.: Modeling Thermodynamic Ice–Ocean
Interactions at the Base of an Ice Shelf, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 29, 1787–1800,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1787:MTIOIA>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a, b
Holland, P. R. and Feltham, D. L.: The Effects of Rotation and Ice
Shelf Topography on Frazil-Laden Ice Shelf Water Plumes,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2312–2327, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2970.1, 2006. a
Holland, P. R., Jenkins, A., and Holland, D. M.: The Response of Ice
Shelf Basal Melting to Variations in Ocean Temperature, J. Climate, 21, 2558–2572, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1, 2008. a, b, c
Holt, S. E., Koseff, J. R., and Ferziger, J. H.: A numerical study of the
evolution and structure of homogeneous stably stratified sheared turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 237, 499–539,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112092003513, 1992. a
Howard, L. N.: Note on a paper of John W. Miles, J. Fluid Mech.,
10, 509–512, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000317, 1961. a
Hoyas, S. and Jiménez, J.: Scaling of the velocity fluctuations in turbulent
channels up to Reτ=2003, Phys. Fluids, 18, 011702,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2162185, 2006. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working
Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland, Core Writing Team, edited by: Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A., 151 pp. 2014. a
Jackett, D. R., McDougall, T. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., and Griffies,
S. M.: Algorithms for Density, Potential Temperature, Conservative
Temperature, and the Freezing Temperature of Seawater, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1709–1728,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1946.1, 2006. a, b
Jenkins, A.: A Simple Model of the Ice Shelf-Ocean Boundary Layer
and Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1785–1803,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0194.1, 2016. a, b, c
Jenkins, A., Hellmer, H. H., and Holland, D. M.: The Role of Meltwater
Advection in the Formulation of Conservative Boundary Conditions at
an Ice–Ocean Interface, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31,
285–296, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0285:TROMAI>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., and Corr, H. F. J.: Observation and
Parameterization of Ablation at the Base of Ronne Ice Shelf,
Antarctica, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2298–2312,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4317.1, 2010. a, b, c, d
Jiménez, M. A. and Cuxart, J.: Large-Eddy Simulations of the Stable
Boundary Layer Using the Standard Kolmogorov Theory: Range of
Applicability, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 115, 241–261,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-3470-4, 2005. a
Jordan, J. R., Kimura, S., Holland, P. R., Jenkins, A., and Piggott, M. D.: On
the Conditional Frazil Ice Instability in Seawater, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 45, 1121–1138, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0159.1,
2015. a
Jourdain, N. C., Mathiot, P., Merino, N., Durand, G., Le Sommer, J., Spence,
P., Dutrieux, P., and Madec, G.: Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning
induced by melting ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2550–2573, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012509,
2017. a
Kerr, R. C. and McConnochie, C. D.: Dissolution of a vertical solid surface by
turbulent compositional convection, J. Fluid Mech., 765,
211–228, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.722, 2015. a
Klemp, J. B. and Lilly, D. K.: Numerical Simulation of Hydrostatic
Mountain Waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 78–107,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0078:NSOHMW>2.0.CO;2, 1978. a
Komori, S., Ueda, H., Ogino, F., and Mizushina, T.: Turbulence structure in
stably stratified open-channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 130, 13–26,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112083000944, 1983. a
Little, C. M., Gnanadesikan, A., and Oppenheimer, M.: How ice shelf morphology
controls basal melting, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114,
C12007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005197, 00031, 2009. a, b
MacAyeal, D. R.: Numerical simulations of the Ross Sea tides, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 89, 607–615, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC01p00607, 1984. a
Magorrian, S. J. and Wells, A. J.: Turbulent plumes from a glacier terminus
melting in a stratified ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 4670–4696, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011160, 2016. a, b
Makinson, K. and Nicholls, K. W.: Modeling tidal currents beneath
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and on the adjacent continental shelf:
Their effect on mixing and transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 13449–13465, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900008, 1999. a
Makinson, K., Holland, P. R., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., and Holland, D. M.:
Influence of tides on melting and freezing beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice
Shelf, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06601,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046462, 2011. a
Malyarenko, A., Wells, A. J., Langhorne, P. J., Robinson, N. J., Williams, M.
J. M., and Nicholls, K. W.: A synthesis of thermodynamic ablation at
ice-ocean interfaces from theory, observations and models, Ocean Model., 154,
101692, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101692, 2020. a
Maronga, B., Gryschka, M., Heinze, R., Hoffmann, F., Kanani-Sühring, F., Keck, M., Ketelsen, K., Letzel, M. O., Sühring, M., and Raasch, S.: The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2515–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2515-2015, 2015. a, b, c
McConnochie, C. D. and Kerr, R. C.: Dissolution of a sloping solid surface by
turbulent compositional convection, J. Fluid Mech., 846,
563–577, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.282, 2018. a, b
McPhee, M. G.: An analytic similarity theory for the planetary boundary layer
stabilized by surface buoyancy, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 21, 325–339,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119277, 1981. a
McPhee, M. G.: Air-ice-ocean interaction: turbulent ocean boundary layer
exchange processes, 2008 edn., Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-0-387-78334-5,
2008. a
McPhee, M. G., Morison, J. H., and Nilsen, F.: Revisiting heat and salt
exchange at the ice-ocean interface: Ocean flux and modeling
considerations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C06014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004383, 2008. a
Middleton, L., Vreugdenhil, C. A., Holland, P. R., and Taylor, J. R.: Numerical
Simulations of Melt-Driven Double-Diffusive Fluxes in a
Turbulent Boundary Layer beneath an Ice Shelf, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 51, 403–418, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0114.1,
2021. a, b
Miles, J. W.: On the stability of heterogeneous shear flows, J. Fluid
Mech., 10, 496–508, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000305, 1961. a
Mondal, M., Gayen, B., Griffiths, R. W., and Kerr, R. C.: Ablation of sloping
ice faces into polar seawater, J. Fluid Mech., 863, 545–571,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.970, 2019. a, b
Mueller, R. D., Padman, L., Dinniman, M. S., Erofeeva, S. Y., Fricker, H. A.,
and King, M. A.: Impact of tide-topography interactions on basal melting of
Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C05005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007263, 2012. a
Mueller, R. D., Hattermann, T., Howard, S. L., and Padman, L.: Tidal influences on a future evolution of the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf cavity in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 453–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-453-2018, 2018. a
Naughten, K. A., Meissner, K. J., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., England, M. H.,
Timmermann, R., and Hellmer, H. H.: Future Projections of Antarctic Ice
Shelf Melting Based on CMIP5 Scenarios, J. Climate, 31,
5243–5261, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0854.1, 2018. a
Nicholls, K. W., Østerhus, S., Makinson, K., and Johnson, M. R.: Oceanographic
conditions south of Berkner Island, beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice
Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106,
11481–11492, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000350, 2001. a
Nicholls, K. W., Abrahamsen, E. P., Buck, J. J. H., Dodd, P. A., Goldblatt, C.,
Griffiths, G., Heywood, K. J., Hughes, N. E., Kaletzky, A., Lane-Serff,
G. F., McPhail, S. D., Millard, N. W., Oliver, K. I. C., Perrett, J., Price,
M. R., Pudsey, C. J., Saw, K., Stansfield, K., Stott, M. J., Wadhams, P.,
Webb, A. T., and Wilkinson, J. P.: Measurements beneath an Antarctic ice
shelf using an autonomous underwater vehicle, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
33, L08612, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025998, 2006. a
Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.: Direct Numerical Simulation of Stable Channel
Flow at Large Stability, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 116, 277–299,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-2818-0, 2005. a
Ohya, Y.: Wind-Tunnel Study Of Atmospheric Stable Boundary Layers
Over A Rough Surface, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 98, 57–82,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018767829067, 2001. a
Padman, L., Siegfried, M. R., and Fricker, H. A.: Ocean Tide Influences on
the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets, Rev. Geophys., 56, 142–184,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000546, 2018. a
Peltier, W. R. and Caulfield, C. P.: Mixing Efficiency in Stratified
Shear Flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35, 135–167,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161144, 2003. a
Piacsek, S. A. and Williams, G. P.: Conservation properties of convection
difference schemes, J. Comput. Phys., 6, 392–405,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(70)90038-0, 1970. a
Purkey, S. G., Johnson, G. C., Talley, L. D., Sloyan, B. M., Wijffels, S. E.,
Smethie, W., Mecking, S., and Katsumata, K.: Unabated Bottom Water
Warming and Freshening in the South Pacific Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1778–1794 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014775, 2018. a
Raasch, S. and Schröter, M.: PALM-A large-eddy simulation model
performing on massively parallel computers, Meteorol. Z., 10, 363–372,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0363, 2001. a
Ramudu, E., Gelderloos, R., Yang, D., Meneveau, C., and Gnanadesikan, A.: Large
Eddy Simulation of Heat Entrainment Under Arctic Sea Ice,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 287–304,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013267, 2018. a, b
Reese, R., Gudmundsson, G. H., Levermann, A., and Winkelmann, R.: The far reach
of ice-shelf thinning in Antarctica, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 53–57,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0020-x, 2018. a
Rignot, E. and Jacobs, S. S.: Rapid Bottom Melting Widespread near
Antarctic Ice Sheet Grounding Lines, Science, 296, 2020–2023,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070942, 2002. a
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice-Shelf Melting
Around Antarctica, Science, 341, 266–270, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235798, 2013. a
Robertson, R.: Tidally induced increases in melting of Amundsen Sea ice
shelves, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3138–3145,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20236, 2013. a
Rohr, J. J., Itsweire, E. C., Helland, K. N., and Atta, C. W. V.: Growth and
decay of turbulence in a stably stratified shear flow, J. Fluid
Mech., 195, 77–111, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112088002332, 1988. a
Rosevear, M. G., Gayen, B., and Galton-Fenzi, B. K.: The role of
double-diffusive convection in basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2007541118,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007541118, 2021. a
Rozema, W., Bae, H. J., Moin, P., and Verstappen, R.: Minimum-dissipation
models for large-eddy simulation, Phys. Fluids, 27, 085107,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4928700, 2015. a
Ruan, X., Speer, K. G., Thompson, A. F., Chretien, L. M. S., and Shoosmith,
D. R.: Ice-Shelf Meltwater Overturning in the Bellingshausen Sea,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016957,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016957, 2021. a
Schmidtko, S., Heywood, K. J., Thompson, A. F., and Aoki, S.: Multidecadal
warming of Antarctic waters, Science, 346, 1227–1231,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256117, 2014. a
Stoll, R. and Porté-Agel, F.: Large-Eddy Simulation of the Stable
Atmospheric Boundary Layer using Dynamic Models with Different
Averaging Schemes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 1–28,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9207-4, 2008. a, b
Sutherland, G., Reverdin, G., Marié, L., and Ward, B.: Mixed and mixing layer
depths in the ocean surface boundary layer under conditions of diurnal
stratification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8469–8476,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061939, 2014. a
Temperton, C.: A Generalized Prime Factor FFT Algorithm for any N=2p3q5r,
SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp., 13, 676–686,
https://doi.org/10.1137/0913039, 1992.
a
Webber, B. G. M., Heywood, K. J., Stevens, D. P., and Assmann, K. M.: The
Impact of Overturning and Horizontal Circulation in Pine Island
Trough on Ice Shelf Melt in the Eastern Amundsen Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 63–83, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0213.1, 2018. a
Wiel, B. J. H. V. d., Moene, A. F., and Jonker, H. J. J.: The Cessation of
Continuous Turbulence as Precursor of the Very Stable Nocturnal
Boundary Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3097–3115,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-064.1, 2012. a
Wåhlin, A. K., Graham, A. G. C., Hogan, K. A., Queste, B. Y., Boehme, L.,
Larter, R. D., Pettit, E. C., Wellner, J., and Heywood, K. J.: Pathways and
modification of warm water flowing beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf, West
Antarctica, Science Advances, 7, eabd7254, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd7254, 2021. a
Zhou, Q., Taylor, J. R., and Caulfield, C. P.: Self-similar mixing in
stratified plane Couette flow for varying Prandtl number, J.
Fluid Mech., 820, 86–120, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.200, 2017. a
Zonta, F. and Soldati, A.: Stably Stratified Wall-Bounded Turbulence,
Appl. Mech. Rev., 70, 040801, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040838, 2018. a, b
Short summary
This study uses ocean modeling at ultra-high resolution to study the small-scale ocean mixing that controls ice-shelf melting. It offers some insights into the relationship between ice-shelf melting and ocean temperature far from the ice base, which may help us project how fast ice will melt when ocean waters entering the cavity warm. This study adds to a growing body of research that indicates we need a more sophisticated treatment of ice-shelf melting in coarse-resolution ocean models.
This study uses ocean modeling at ultra-high resolution to study the small-scale ocean mixing...
