Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 24 Jun 2022
| 24 Jun 2022
Climate warming shortens ice durations and alters freeze and break-up patterns in Swedish water bodies
Sofia Hallerbäck
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA, USA
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Laurie S. Huning
Department of Civil Engineering and Construction Engineering
Management, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA, USA
Charlotte Love
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA, USA
Magnus Persson
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Katarina Stensen
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
David Gustafsson
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Amir AghaKouchak
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA, USA
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-term monitoring of water temperature and macroinvertebrates highlights climate change threat to alpine ponds in protected areas J. Fahy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110461
- Spatial-temporal variation of river ice coverage in the Yenisei river from 2002 to 2021 Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131440
- Long-term change of the ice phenology in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan A. Shiomoto et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101388
- Trends in hydroclimate extremes: how changes in winter affect water storage and baseflow T. Tiwari & H. Laudon https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4055-2025
- Earlier lake ice breakup in response to warming in the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian High Arctic: Evidence from MODIS data (2000-2024) D. Maraldo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101365
- The Dynamic Monitoring of River-Ice Thickness on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Four-Dimensional Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry Y. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162887
- Interannual variability in air temperature and snow drives differences in ice formation and growth A. Rafat & H. Kheyrollah Pour https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4335-2025
- Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Lithuanian River Ice Phenology D. Šarauskienė et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020725
- Tricentennial trends in spring ice break-ups on three rivers in northern Europe S. Norrgård & S. Helama https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022
- Are perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) getting larger or smaller in Swedish lakes? H. Kerstin & E. Petersson https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12719
- Application of RiTiCE in understanding hydro-meteorological controls on ice break-up patterns in River Tornionjoki A. Shahrood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12910-w
- Long-Term Variability of Ice Phenomena in Selected Rivers of the Central Vistula River Catchment A. Hejduk & M. Szalkowski https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172523
- Impact of water scarcity on socio-economic development E. Israilova et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345808027
- Breathing in sleep: oxygen dynamics during the polar night in an Arctic lake E. Aşırok & G. Kirillin https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-025-01195-x
- Lake ice break-up in Greenland: timing and spatiotemporal variability C. Posch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2035-2024
- Changes in size‐at‐age of juvenile Atlantic salmon cohorts over the past 50 years and linkages to environmental factors J. Matte et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70372
- Impacts of climate‐driven changes in habitat phenology on dynamics of niche overlaps and spatial associations in a boreal waterbird community H. Pöysä https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09696
- Analysis of changes in the occurrence of ice phenomena in upland and mountain rivers of Poland K. Kochanek et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307842
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-term monitoring of water temperature and macroinvertebrates highlights climate change threat to alpine ponds in protected areas J. Fahy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110461
- Spatial-temporal variation of river ice coverage in the Yenisei river from 2002 to 2021 Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131440
- Long-term change of the ice phenology in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan A. Shiomoto et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101388
- Trends in hydroclimate extremes: how changes in winter affect water storage and baseflow T. Tiwari & H. Laudon https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4055-2025
- Earlier lake ice breakup in response to warming in the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian High Arctic: Evidence from MODIS data (2000-2024) D. Maraldo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2026.101365
- The Dynamic Monitoring of River-Ice Thickness on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Four-Dimensional Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry Y. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162887
- Interannual variability in air temperature and snow drives differences in ice formation and growth A. Rafat & H. Kheyrollah Pour https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4335-2025
- Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Lithuanian River Ice Phenology D. Šarauskienė et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020725
- Tricentennial trends in spring ice break-ups on three rivers in northern Europe S. Norrgård & S. Helama https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022
- Are perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) getting larger or smaller in Swedish lakes? H. Kerstin & E. Petersson https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12719
- Application of RiTiCE in understanding hydro-meteorological controls on ice break-up patterns in River Tornionjoki A. Shahrood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12910-w
- Long-Term Variability of Ice Phenomena in Selected Rivers of the Central Vistula River Catchment A. Hejduk & M. Szalkowski https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172523
- Impact of water scarcity on socio-economic development E. Israilova et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345808027
- Breathing in sleep: oxygen dynamics during the polar night in an Arctic lake E. Aşırok & G. Kirillin https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-025-01195-x
- Lake ice break-up in Greenland: timing and spatiotemporal variability C. Posch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2035-2024
- Changes in size‐at‐age of juvenile Atlantic salmon cohorts over the past 50 years and linkages to environmental factors J. Matte et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70372
- Impacts of climate‐driven changes in habitat phenology on dynamics of niche overlaps and spatial associations in a boreal waterbird community H. Pöysä https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09696
- Analysis of changes in the occurrence of ice phenomena in upland and mountain rivers of Poland K. Kochanek et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307842
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Jun 2026
Short summary
Using unique data, some dating back to the 18th century, we show a significant trend in shorter ice duration, later freeze, and earlier break-up dates across Sweden. In recent observations, the mean ice durations have decreased by 11–28 d and the chance of years with an extremely short ice cover duration (less than 50 d) have increased by 800 %. Results show that even a 1 °C increase in air temperatures can result in a decrease in ice duration in Sweden of around 8–23 d.
Using unique data, some dating back to the 18th century, we show a significant trend in shorter...
