Articles | Volume 13, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2751-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2751-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Oct 2019
Research article |
| 18 Oct 2019
| 18 Oct 2019
Laboratory study of the properties of frazil ice particles and flocs in water of different salinities
Christopher C. Schneck
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
Mark R. Loewen
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A mathematical model for supercooling process and its application to frazil ice evolution D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33097-z
- Assessment of the ice jam potential on regulated rivers and reservoirs with the use of numerical model results T. Kolerski https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103372
- Review of the design considerations for the laboratory growth of sea ice B. Hall et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.115
- Insights into the cooling rate and preservative effect of slurry ice on large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) in terms of the fish/ice ratio, salinity, and the ice mass fraction W. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14694
- Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release T. Ghobrial & M. Loewen https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021
- Advances in Frazil Ice Evolution Mechanisms and Numerical Modelling in Rivers and Channels in Cold Regions Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142582
- A study of supercooling in rivers S. Boyd et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103455
- Antarctic coastal polynyas in the global climate system N. Golledge et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00634-x
- A laboratory study of the impact of varying air-water heat flux on supercooling and frazil ice generation C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104613
- An oblate spheroidal model for multi-frequency acoustic back-scattering of frazil ice A. Kungl et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103122
- Structural Intervention for the Prevention of Ice-Jam Formation and Flooding in Flowing Watercourses M. Betuš et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18040474
- The Use of UAV for Measuring the Morphology of Ice Cover on the Surface of a River: A Case Study of the Low Head Dam and Fishway Inlet Area in the Odra River J. Błotnicki et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223972
- Mechanism of incorporation of fallout 7Be, 210Pb and 210Po in sediment-laden ice from Lake St. Clair, SE Michigan, during snowstorms: Analogy to that in the Arctic Ocean M. Baskaran et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119728
- The Effect of Pseudofrazil Particle Entrainment on Salinity Measurements M. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002564
- Uncertainty analysis of single- and multiple-size-class frazil ice models F. Souillé et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1645-2023
- Observations of the Size Distribution of Frazil Ice in an Ice Shelf Water Plume E. Frazer et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090498
- Sea ice mechanics F. Paul* et al. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2023.3.0816
- Measurements of frazil ice flocs in rivers C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4177-2024
- Physics of the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015323
- Laboratory investigation of the correlation between frazil ice particle and floc properties C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.105049
- Understanding frazil ice: The contribution of laboratory studies P. Barrette https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103334
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A mathematical model for supercooling process and its application to frazil ice evolution D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33097-z
- Assessment of the ice jam potential on regulated rivers and reservoirs with the use of numerical model results T. Kolerski https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103372
- Review of the design considerations for the laboratory growth of sea ice B. Hall et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.115
- Insights into the cooling rate and preservative effect of slurry ice on large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) in terms of the fish/ice ratio, salinity, and the ice mass fraction W. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14694
- Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release T. Ghobrial & M. Loewen https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021
- Advances in Frazil Ice Evolution Mechanisms and Numerical Modelling in Rivers and Channels in Cold Regions Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142582
- A study of supercooling in rivers S. Boyd et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103455
- Antarctic coastal polynyas in the global climate system N. Golledge et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00634-x
- A laboratory study of the impact of varying air-water heat flux on supercooling and frazil ice generation C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104613
- An oblate spheroidal model for multi-frequency acoustic back-scattering of frazil ice A. Kungl et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103122
- Structural Intervention for the Prevention of Ice-Jam Formation and Flooding in Flowing Watercourses M. Betuš et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18040474
- The Use of UAV for Measuring the Morphology of Ice Cover on the Surface of a River: A Case Study of the Low Head Dam and Fishway Inlet Area in the Odra River J. Błotnicki et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223972
- Mechanism of incorporation of fallout 7Be, 210Pb and 210Po in sediment-laden ice from Lake St. Clair, SE Michigan, during snowstorms: Analogy to that in the Arctic Ocean M. Baskaran et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119728
- The Effect of Pseudofrazil Particle Entrainment on Salinity Measurements M. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002564
- Uncertainty analysis of single- and multiple-size-class frazil ice models F. Souillé et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1645-2023
- Observations of the Size Distribution of Frazil Ice in an Ice Shelf Water Plume E. Frazer et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090498
- Sea ice mechanics F. Paul* et al. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2023.3.0816
- Measurements of frazil ice flocs in rivers C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4177-2024
- Physics of the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015323
- Laboratory investigation of the correlation between frazil ice particle and floc properties C. Pei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.105049
- Understanding frazil ice: The contribution of laboratory studies P. Barrette https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103334
Saved (final revised paper)
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Sep 2026
Short summary
Properties of suspended frazil ice and flocs in water of different salinities were measured in the lab using high-resolution images. It was found that freshwater frazil particles and flocs were larger than in saline water by ~13 % and 75 %, respectively. Both the growth rate of particles and the porosity of flocs decreased with salinity and ranged between 0.174 and 0.024 mm min−1 and 86 % and 75 % for freshwater and 35 ‰ saline water, respectively.
Properties of suspended frazil ice and flocs in water of different salinities were measured in...
