Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-250
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-250
21 Sep 2021
 | 21 Sep 2021
Status: this discussion paper is a preprint. It has been under review for the journal The Cryosphere (TC). The manuscript was not accepted for further review after discussion.

Evolution of the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, 2016–2021

Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez

Abstract. Polynyas are key sites of ice production during the winter and are important sites of biological activity and carbon sequestration during the summer. The Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) is the fourth largest Antarctic polynya, has recorded the highest primary productivity and lies in an embayment of key oceanographic significance. However, knowledge of its dynamics, and of sub-annual variations in its area and ice production, is limited. In this study we primarily utilize Sentinel-1 SAR imagery, sea ice concentration products and climate reanalysis data, along with bathymetric data, to analyze the ASP over the period November 2016–March 2021. Specifically, we analyze (i) qualitative changes in the ASP's characteristics and dynamics, and quantitative changes in (ii) summer polynya area, (iii) winter polynya area and ice production. From our analysis of SAR imagery we find that ice produced by the ASP becomes stuck in the vicinity of the polynya and sometimes flows back into the polynya, contributing to its closure and limiting further ice production. The polynya forms westward off a persistent chain of grounded icebergs that are located at the site of a bathymetric high. Grounded icebergs also influence the outflow of ice and facilitate the formation of a 'secondary polynya' at times. Additionally, unlike some polynyas, ice produced by the polynya flows westward after formation, along the coast and into the neighboring sea sector. During the summer and early winter, broader regional sea ice conditions can play an important role in the polynya. The polynya opens in all summers, but record-low sea ice conditions in 2016/17 cause it to become part of the open ocean. During the winter, an average of 78 % of ice production occurs in April–May and September–October, but large polynya events often associated with high winds can cause ice production throughout the winter. While passive microwave data or daily sea ice concentration products remain key for analyzing variations in polynya area and ice production, we find that the ability to directly observe and qualitatively analyze the polynya at a high temporal and spatial resolution with Sentinel-1 imagery provides important insights about the behavior of the polynya that are not possible with those datasets.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #1, 18 Oct 2021
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Grant Macdonald, 15 Nov 2021
  • RC2: 'Referee comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Nov 2021
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Grant Macdonald, 16 Nov 2021
  • RC3: 'Comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #3, 03 Dec 2021

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #1, 18 Oct 2021
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Grant Macdonald, 15 Nov 2021
  • RC2: 'Referee comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Nov 2021
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Grant Macdonald, 16 Nov 2021
  • RC3: 'Comment on tc-2021-250', Anonymous Referee #3, 03 Dec 2021
Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez
Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez

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Short summary
Polynyas are key sites of sea ice production, biological activity and carbon sequestration. The Amundsen Sea Polynya is of particular interest due to its size and location. By analyzing radar imagery and climate and sea ice data products we evaluate variations in the dynamics, area and ice production of the Amundsen Sea Polynya. In particular, we find the local sea floor topography and associated grounded icebergs play an important role in the polynyas dynamics, influencing ice production.