Combining damage and fracture mechanics to model calving

Abstract. Calving of icebergs is a major negative component of polar ice-sheet mass balance. We present a new calving modeling framework relying on both continuum damage mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics. This combination accounts for both the slow sub-critical surface crevassing and fast propagation of crevasses when calving occurs. First, damage of the ice occurs over long timescales and enhances the viscous flow of ice. Then brittle fracture propagation happens downward, over very short timescales, in ice considered as an elastic medium. The model is validated on Helheim Glacier, South-West Greenland, one of the most monitored fast-flowing outlet glacier. This allows to identify sets of model parameters giving a consistent response of the model and producing a dynamic equilibrium in agreement with observed stable position of the Helheim ice front between 1930 and today.