Articles | Volume 9, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Assessment of permafrost distribution maps in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using rock glaciers mapped in Google Earth
M.-O. Schmid
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
P. Baral
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
S. Gruber
Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
S. Shahi
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
T. Shrestha
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
P. Wester
Water Resources Management group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Cited
95 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- A Comparative Study of Active Rock Glaciers Mapped from Geomorphic- and Kinematic-Based Approaches in Daxue Shan, Southeast Tibetan Plateau J. Cai et al. 10.3390/rs13234931
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- Brief communication: Evaluation and inter-comparisons of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau permafrost maps based on a new inventory of field evidence B. Cao et al. 10.5194/tc-13-511-2019
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- Assessing machine learning models to generate permafrost distribution map in Solukhumbu, Nepal A. Singh et al. 10.1016/j.geog.2024.08.003
- The distribution and hydrological significance of intact rock glaciers in the north-west Himalaya P. Chakravarti et al. 10.1080/04353676.2022.2120262
- An inventory-driven rock glacier status model (intact vs. relict) for South Tyrol, Eastern Italian Alps C. Kofler et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106887
- Inventory and kinematics of active and transitional rock glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand from Sentinel-1 InSAR C. Lambiel et al. 10.1080/15230430.2023.2183999
- Glacial geomorphology of the Ahuriri River valley, central Southern Alps, New Zealand L. Tielidze et al. 10.1080/17445647.2021.1876777
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- Rock‐glacier dams in High Asia J. Blöthe et al. 10.1002/esp.4532
- Rock glaciers and mountain hydrology: A review D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.001
- Augmenting daily MODIS LST with AIRS surface temperature retrievals to estimate ground temperature and permafrost extent in High Mountain Asia K. Kim et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114075
- Methods for mapping and monitoring global glaciovolcanism A. Curtis & P. Kyle 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.017
- Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region S. Gruber et al. 10.5194/tc-11-81-2017
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Simulation and risk assessment of a possible glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Bhilangna Valley, central Himalaya, India P. Pandey et al. 10.1007/s12040-022-01940-y
- Glaciohydrology of the Himalaya-Karakoram M. Azam et al. 10.1126/science.abf3668
- Mapping and Characterizing Rock Glaciers in the Arid Western Kunlun Mountains Supported by InSAR and Deep Learning Y. Hu et al. 10.1029/2023JF007206
- Single-year thermal regime and inferred permafrost occurrence in the upper Ganglass catchment of the cold-arid Himalaya, Ladakh, India J. Wani et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134631
- Impact of glacier changes and permafrost distribution on debris flows in Badswat and Shishkat catchments, Northern Pakistan W. Hassan et al. 10.1007/s11629-023-7894-5
- Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin S. Allen et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022
- Dynamics of urban water supply management of two Himalayan towns in India N. Bharti et al. 10.2166/wp.2019.203
- Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls Z. Ran & G. Liu 10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018
- Modeling Permafrost Distribution Using Geoinformatics in the Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand, India A. Pandey et al. 10.3390/su142315731
- Assessment of rock glaciers and permafrost distribution in Uttarakhand, India P. Baral et al. 10.1002/ppp.2008
- Rock glacier distribution and kinematics in Shigar and Shayok basins based on radar and optical remote sensing J. Hassan et al. 10.1002/esp.5820
- Permafrost estimation model in Upper Indus Basin A. Pandey et al. 10.1007/s12040-023-02176-0
- Sustainability Challenges to Springshed Water Management in India and Bangladesh: A Bird’s Eye View S. Nowreen et al. 10.3390/su15065065
- The first consistent inventory of rock glaciers and their hydrological catchments of the Austrian Alps T. Wagner et al. 10.17738/ajes.2020.0001
- Rock glaciers in central Patagonia H. Selley et al. 10.1080/04353676.2018.1525683
- Rock glaciers automatic mapping using optical imagery and convolutional neural networks M. Marcer 10.1002/ppp.2076
- The changing thermal state of permafrost S. Smith et al. 10.1038/s43017-021-00240-1
- Rock glacier distribution across the Himalaya S. Harrison et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104481
- Rock Glacier Inventory of the Southwestern Pamirs Supported by InSAR Kinematics Q. Ma & T. Oguchi 10.3390/rs16071185
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- The distribution and hydrological significance of rock glaciers in the Nepalese Himalaya D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.005
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- The First Inventory of Rock Glaciers in the Zhetysu Alatau: The Aksu and Lepsy River Basins A. Kaldybayev et al. 10.3390/rs15010197
- Permafrost zonation index map and statistics over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau based on field evidence B. Cao et al. 10.1002/ppp.2006
- Effects of Winter Warming on Alpine Permafrost Streamflow in Xinjiang China and Teleconnections with the Siberian High J. Liu et al. 10.3390/w16070993
- Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review Q. Ye et al. 10.3390/rs16101709
- Permafrost distribution map of San Juan Dry Andes (Argentina) based on rock glacier sites M. Esper Angillieri 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.12.002
- A Comprehensive Inventory, Characterization, and Analysis of Rock Glaciers in the Jhelum Basin, Kashmir Himalaya, Using High-Resolution Google Earth Data T. Abdullah & S. Romshoo 10.3390/w16162327
- Insights into a remote cryosphere: a multi-method approach to assess permafrost occurrence at the Qugaqie basin, western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau J. Buckel et al. 10.5194/tc-15-149-2021
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- Challenges in Understanding the Variability of the Cryosphere in the Himalaya and Its Impact on Regional Water Resources B. Vishwakarma et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.909246
- Supraglacial Ponds Regulate Runoff From Himalayan Debris‐Covered Glaciers T. Irvine‐Fynn et al. 10.1002/2017GL075398
- Modelling Permafrost Distribution in Western Himalaya Using Remote Sensing and Field Observations M. Khan et al. 10.3390/rs13214403
- Quaternary Permafrost in China: Framework and Discussions H. Jin et al. 10.3390/quat3040032
- Biennial analysis of probable permafrost distribution for Kullu district, North‐west Himalaya using Landsat 8 satellite data I. Pradhan & D. Shukla 10.1002/ldr.4921
- A climate-driven, altitudinal transition in rock glacier dynamics detected through integration of geomorphological mapping and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR)-based kinematics A. Bertone et al. 10.5194/tc-18-2335-2024
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- Rock glaciers represent hidden water stores in the Himalaya D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145368
- The First Rock Glacier Inventory for the Greater Caucasus L. Tielidze et al. 10.3390/geosciences13040117
- DInSAR for a Regional Inventory of Active Rock Glaciers in the Dry Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile with Sentinel-1 Data C. Villarroel et al. 10.3390/rs10101588
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- Enhancing mountainous permafrost mapping by leveraging a rock glacier inventory in northeastern Tibetan Plateau Z. Hu et al. 10.1080/17538947.2024.2304077
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- Climate change impacts and adaptation to permafrost change in High Mountain Asia: a comprehensive review P. Baral et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acf1b4
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92 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Assessing Machine Learning and Statistical Methods for Rock Glacier‐Based Permafrost Distribution in Northern Kargil Region K. Mahanta et al. 10.1002/ppp.2240
- Permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin: An active layer dynamics J. Wani et al. 10.1007/s12040-023-02074-5
- Glacial geomorphology of the Vanch River basin, the western Pamirs, Tajikistan Q. Ma & T. Oguchi 10.1080/17445647.2024.2326827
- A Comparative Study of Active Rock Glaciers Mapped from Geomorphic- and Kinematic-Based Approaches in Daxue Shan, Southeast Tibetan Plateau J. Cai et al. 10.3390/rs13234931
- Active rock glaciers of the contiguous United States: geographic information system inventory and spatial distribution patterns G. Johnson et al. 10.5194/essd-13-3979-2021
- Comprehensive assessment of rock glaciers in the Himachal Himalayas: Updated inventory and labelling A. Dash et al. 10.1177/03091333241263986
- Modelling rock glacier ice content based on InSAR-derived velocity, Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal Y. Hu et al. 10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023
- Brief communication: Evaluation and inter-comparisons of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau permafrost maps based on a new inventory of field evidence B. Cao et al. 10.5194/tc-13-511-2019
- Occurrence, evolution and ice content of ice‐debris complexes in the Ak‐Shiirak, Central Tien Shan revealed by geophysical and remotely‐sensed investigations T. Bolch et al. 10.1002/esp.4487
- Rock glacier inventory, permafrost probability distribution modeling and associated hazards in the Hunza River Basin, Western Karakoram, Pakistan J. Hassan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146833
- Assessing machine learning models to generate permafrost distribution map in Solukhumbu, Nepal A. Singh et al. 10.1016/j.geog.2024.08.003
- The distribution and hydrological significance of intact rock glaciers in the north-west Himalaya P. Chakravarti et al. 10.1080/04353676.2022.2120262
- An inventory-driven rock glacier status model (intact vs. relict) for South Tyrol, Eastern Italian Alps C. Kofler et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106887
- Inventory and kinematics of active and transitional rock glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand from Sentinel-1 InSAR C. Lambiel et al. 10.1080/15230430.2023.2183999
- Glacial geomorphology of the Ahuriri River valley, central Southern Alps, New Zealand L. Tielidze et al. 10.1080/17445647.2021.1876777
- Assessment of rock glaciers and their water storage in Guokalariju, Tibetan Plateau M. Li et al. 10.5194/tc-18-1-2024
- Spatial prediction of permafrost occurrence in Sikkim Himalayas using logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and neural networks P. Baral & M. Haq 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107331
- Rock‐glacier dams in High Asia J. Blöthe et al. 10.1002/esp.4532
- Rock glaciers and mountain hydrology: A review D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.001
- Augmenting daily MODIS LST with AIRS surface temperature retrievals to estimate ground temperature and permafrost extent in High Mountain Asia K. Kim et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114075
- Methods for mapping and monitoring global glaciovolcanism A. Curtis & P. Kyle 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.017
- Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region S. Gruber et al. 10.5194/tc-11-81-2017
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Simulation and risk assessment of a possible glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Bhilangna Valley, central Himalaya, India P. Pandey et al. 10.1007/s12040-022-01940-y
- Glaciohydrology of the Himalaya-Karakoram M. Azam et al. 10.1126/science.abf3668
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- Single-year thermal regime and inferred permafrost occurrence in the upper Ganglass catchment of the cold-arid Himalaya, Ladakh, India J. Wani et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134631
- Impact of glacier changes and permafrost distribution on debris flows in Badswat and Shishkat catchments, Northern Pakistan W. Hassan et al. 10.1007/s11629-023-7894-5
- Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin S. Allen et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022
- Dynamics of urban water supply management of two Himalayan towns in India N. Bharti et al. 10.2166/wp.2019.203
- Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls Z. Ran & G. Liu 10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018
- Modeling Permafrost Distribution Using Geoinformatics in the Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand, India A. Pandey et al. 10.3390/su142315731
- Assessment of rock glaciers and permafrost distribution in Uttarakhand, India P. Baral et al. 10.1002/ppp.2008
- Rock glacier distribution and kinematics in Shigar and Shayok basins based on radar and optical remote sensing J. Hassan et al. 10.1002/esp.5820
- Permafrost estimation model in Upper Indus Basin A. Pandey et al. 10.1007/s12040-023-02176-0
- Sustainability Challenges to Springshed Water Management in India and Bangladesh: A Bird’s Eye View S. Nowreen et al. 10.3390/su15065065
- The first consistent inventory of rock glaciers and their hydrological catchments of the Austrian Alps T. Wagner et al. 10.17738/ajes.2020.0001
- Rock glaciers in central Patagonia H. Selley et al. 10.1080/04353676.2018.1525683
- Rock glaciers automatic mapping using optical imagery and convolutional neural networks M. Marcer 10.1002/ppp.2076
- The changing thermal state of permafrost S. Smith et al. 10.1038/s43017-021-00240-1
- Rock glacier distribution across the Himalaya S. Harrison et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104481
- Rock Glacier Inventory of the Southwestern Pamirs Supported by InSAR Kinematics Q. Ma & T. Oguchi 10.3390/rs16071185
- Distribution and characteristics of rock glaciers in the Balkan Peninsula B. Magori et al. 10.1080/04353676.2020.1809905
- An Investigation of Landslide Susceptibility Using Logistic Regression and Statistical Index Methods in Dailekh District, Nepal D. Rai et al. 10.1007/s11769-022-1304-2
- Mountain rock glaciers contain globally significant water stores D. Jones et al. 10.1038/s41598-018-21244-w
- Study of permafrost distribution in Sikkim Himalayas using Sentinel-2 satellite images and logistic regression modelling M. Haq & P. Baral 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.024
- The distribution and hydrological significance of rock glaciers in the Nepalese Himalaya D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.005
- Quantifying Overestimated Permafrost Extent Driven by Rock Glacier Inventory B. Cao et al. 10.1029/2021GL092476
- Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR X. Su et al. 10.3390/rs14194907
- The First Inventory of Rock Glaciers in the Zhetysu Alatau: The Aksu and Lepsy River Basins A. Kaldybayev et al. 10.3390/rs15010197
- Permafrost zonation index map and statistics over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau based on field evidence B. Cao et al. 10.1002/ppp.2006
- Effects of Winter Warming on Alpine Permafrost Streamflow in Xinjiang China and Teleconnections with the Siberian High J. Liu et al. 10.3390/w16070993
- Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review Q. Ye et al. 10.3390/rs16101709
- Permafrost distribution map of San Juan Dry Andes (Argentina) based on rock glacier sites M. Esper Angillieri 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.12.002
- A Comprehensive Inventory, Characterization, and Analysis of Rock Glaciers in the Jhelum Basin, Kashmir Himalaya, Using High-Resolution Google Earth Data T. Abdullah & S. Romshoo 10.3390/w16162327
- Insights into a remote cryosphere: a multi-method approach to assess permafrost occurrence at the Qugaqie basin, western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau J. Buckel et al. 10.5194/tc-15-149-2021
- Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide A. Bertone et al. 10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022
- Mapping and inventorying active rock glaciers in the northern Tien Shan of China using satellite SAR interferometry X. Wang et al. 10.5194/tc-11-997-2017
- Rock glaciers of the semi-arid northwestern Himalayas: distribution, characteristics, and hydrological significance P. Pandey et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2024.107845
- Challenges in Understanding the Variability of the Cryosphere in the Himalaya and Its Impact on Regional Water Resources B. Vishwakarma et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.909246
- Supraglacial Ponds Regulate Runoff From Himalayan Debris‐Covered Glaciers T. Irvine‐Fynn et al. 10.1002/2017GL075398
- Modelling Permafrost Distribution in Western Himalaya Using Remote Sensing and Field Observations M. Khan et al. 10.3390/rs13214403
- Quaternary Permafrost in China: Framework and Discussions H. Jin et al. 10.3390/quat3040032
- Biennial analysis of probable permafrost distribution for Kullu district, North‐west Himalaya using Landsat 8 satellite data I. Pradhan & D. Shukla 10.1002/ldr.4921
- A climate-driven, altitudinal transition in rock glacier dynamics detected through integration of geomorphological mapping and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR)-based kinematics A. Bertone et al. 10.5194/tc-18-2335-2024
- Evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka H. Jin et al. 10.1007/s11430-018-9272-0
- Rock glaciers represent hidden water stores in the Himalaya D. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145368
- The First Rock Glacier Inventory for the Greater Caucasus L. Tielidze et al. 10.3390/geosciences13040117
- DInSAR for a Regional Inventory of Active Rock Glaciers in the Dry Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile with Sentinel-1 Data C. Villarroel et al. 10.3390/rs10101588
- Inventory of rock glaciers in Himachal Himalaya, India using high-resolution Google Earth imagery P. Pandey 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.05.001
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Short summary
The extent and distribution of permafrost in the mountainous parts of the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region are largely unknown. This article provides a first-order assessment of the two available permafrost maps in the HKH region based on the mapping of rock glaciers in Google Earth. The Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions does not reproduce mapped conditions in the HKH region adequately, whereas the Global Permafrost Zonation Index does so with more success.
The extent and distribution of permafrost in the mountainous parts of the Hindu Kush Himalayan...