Parameterization of atmosphere–surface exchange of CO2 over sea ice
L. L. Sørensen2,1,B. Jensen1,R. N. Glud6,5,3,2,D. F. McGinnis7,5,3,M. K. Sejr3,2,J. Sievers2,1,D. H. Søgaard5,3,J.-L. Tison8,and S. Rysgaard4,3,2L. L. Sørensen et al. L. L. Sørensen2,1,B. Jensen1,R. N. Glud6,5,3,2,D. F. McGinnis7,5,3,M. K. Sejr3,2,J. Sievers2,1,D. H. Søgaard5,3,J.-L. Tison8,and S. Rysgaard4,3,2
2Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
3Greenland Climate Research Centre, c/o Greenland Institute of Natural Resources box 570, Nuuk, Greenland
4Centre for Earth Observation Science, CHR Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 499 Wallace Building Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
5University of Southern Denmark, NordCEE, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
6Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association of Marine Science, Oban, Scotland
7Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
8The Laboratoire de Glaciologie, the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
2Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
3Greenland Climate Research Centre, c/o Greenland Institute of Natural Resources box 570, Nuuk, Greenland
4Centre for Earth Observation Science, CHR Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 499 Wallace Building Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
5University of Southern Denmark, NordCEE, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
6Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association of Marine Science, Oban, Scotland
7Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
8The Laboratoire de Glaciologie, the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Received: 16 Jul 2013 – Discussion started: 06 Aug 2013 – Revised: 30 Jan 2014 – Accepted: 10 Mar 2014 – Published: 12 May 2014
Abstract. We suggest the application of a flux parameterization commonly used over terrestrial areas for calculation of CO2 fluxes over sea ice surfaces. The parameterization is based on resistance analogy. We present a concept for parameterization of the CO2 fluxes over sea ice suggesting to use properties of the atmosphere and sea ice surface that can be measured or calculated on a routine basis. Parameters, which can be used in the conceptual model, are analysed based on data sampled from a seasonal fast-ice area, and the different variables influencing the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ice are discussed. We found the flux to be small during the late winter with fluxes in both directions. Not surprisingly we find that the resistance across the surface controls the fluxes and detailed knowledge of the brine volume and carbon chemistry within the brines as well as knowledge of snow cover and carbon chemistry in the ice are essential to estimate the partial pressure of pCO2 and CO2 flux. Further investigations of surface structure and snow cover and driving parameters such as heat flux, radiation, ice temperature and brine processes are required to adequately parameterize the surface resistance.
