Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-229-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-229-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Feb 2014
Research article |
| 14 Feb 2014
Sea-ice extent and its trend provide limited metrics of model performance
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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Cited
61 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6 D. Notz & S. Community https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086749
- Examining Antarctic sea ice bias sensitivity in the multi-variate parameter space using a global coupled climate modelling system S. Schroeter & P. Sandery https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102313
- Arctic Sea Ice in a 1.5°C Warmer World A. Niederdrenk & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076159
- Insights on past and future sea-ice evolution from combining observations and models J. Stroeve & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.011
- Impact of model resolution on Arctic sea ice and North Atlantic Ocean heat transport D. Docquier et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04840-y
- Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System Model Simulations F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.119001
- Skill of Seasonal Arctic Sea Ice Extent Predictions Using the North American Multimodel Ensemble K. Harnos et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0766.1
- Consistently Estimating Internal Climate Variability from Climate Model Simulations D. Olonscheck & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0428.1
- Uncertainty of the satellite-retrieved sea-ice area record and its trend A. Wernecke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3783-2026
- Brief communication: New perspectives on the skill of modelled sea ice trends in light of recent Antarctic sea ice loss C. Holmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5641-2024
- Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context of Longer‐Term Variability C. Eayrs et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631
- Automated parameter tuning applied to sea ice in a global climate model L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3581-5
- Sensitivity of NEMO4.0-SI3 model parameters on sea ice budgets in the Southern Ocean Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023
- Modeled Arctic sea ice evolution through 2300 in CMIP5 extended RCPs P. Hezel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1195-2014
- Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming E. Rosenblum & I. Eisenman https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0455.1
- Consistent biases in Antarctic sea ice concentration simulated by climate models L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-365-2018
- Aerosol‐driven increase in Arctic sea ice over the middle of the twentieth century M. Gagné et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071941
- The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations D. Notz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3427-2016
- Improving Met Office seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice using assimilation of CryoSat-2 thickness E. Blockley & K. Peterson https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3419-2018
- Observationally-constrained projections of an ice-free Arctic even under a low emission scenario Y. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38511-8
- Arctic Sea Ice in Two Configurations of the CESM2 During the 20th and 21st Centuries P. DeRepentigny et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016133
- Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021
- Monthly Arctic sea ice prediction based on a data-driven deep learning model X. Huan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/acffb2
- Attribution of late summer early autumn Arctic sea ice decline in recent decades L. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-00157-4
- Benefits and challenges of dynamic sea ice for weather forecasts J. Day et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-713-2022
- Bright Prospects for Arctic Sea Ice Prediction on Subseasonal Time Scales L. Zampieri et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079394
- Modeled Interannual Variability of Arctic Sea Ice Cover is within Observational Uncertainty C. Wyburn-Powell et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0958.1
- Moving beyond the Total Sea Ice Extent in Gauging Model Biases D. Ivanova et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0026.1
- An Internal Atmospheric Process Determining Summertime Arctic Sea Ice Melting in the Next Three Decades: Lessons Learned from Five Large Ensembles and Multiple CMIP5 Climate Simulations D. Topál et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0803.1
- A review of interactions between ocean heat transport and Arctic sea ice D. Docquier & T. Koenigk https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac30be
- Assessment of Antarctic sea ice area and concentration in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 models F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7916
- Partitioning uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice D. Bonan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe0ec
- Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set intercomparison: closed ice and ship-based observations S. Kern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019
- Relationships between Arctic sea ice drift and strength modelled by NEMO-LIM3.6 D. Docquier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2829-2017
- Antarctic Sea Ice Projections Constrained by Historical Ice Cover and Future Global Temperature Change C. Holmes et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097413
- Validation of sea ice models using an uncertainty‐based distance metric for multiple model variables J. Urrego‐Blanco et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012602
- Benchmark estimate of the effect of anthropogenic emissions on the ocean surface D. Stone & P. Pall https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7002
- Improving Arctic Sea Ice Prediction Using PIOMAS Initial Sea Ice Thickness in a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model T. Collow et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0097.1
- Sea-ice cover timing in the Pacific Arctic: The present and projections to mid-century by selected CMIP5 models M. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.11.017
- Sensitivity of Arctic marine heatwaves to half-a-degree increase in global warming: 10-fold frequency increase and 15-fold extreme intensity likelihood D. León-FonFay et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ada029
- Sea-ice algal phenology in a warmer Arctic L. Tedesco et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4830
- Observationally-constrained projections of September ice-free Arctic by selecting optimal fingerprint strategy Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08088-1
- Evaluation of Arctic Sea-ice Cover and Thickness Simulated by MITgcm F. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9223-6
- How well can the observed Arctic sea ice summer retreat and winter advance be represented in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2? T. Collow et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3417-8
- Seasonal and Regional Antarctic Sea Ice Biases: A Closer Look at CMIP6 S. Schroeter https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2025.2507880
- Filling the Polar Data Gap in Sea Ice Concentration Fields Using Partial Differential Equations C. Strong & K. Golden https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060442
- The first ice-free day in the Arctic Ocean could occur before 2030 C. Heuzé & A. Jahn https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3
- New insight from CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness for sea ice modelling D. Schröder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-125-2019
- Impact of the initialisation on the predictability of the Southern Ocean sea ice at interannual to multi-decadal timescales V. Zunz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2344-9
- How well must climate models agree with observations? D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0164
- The Trajectory Towards a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic Ocean D. Notz & J. Stroeve https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0113-2
- Satellite-retrieved sea ice concentration uncertainty and its effect on modelling wave evolution in marginal ice zones T. Nose et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2029-2020
- Differences Between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration Budgets Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105265
- Marginal ice zone fraction benchmarks sea ice and climate model skill C. Horvat https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22004-7
- Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons J. Stroeve & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aade56
- Spatio-temporal Analyses of Sea Ice Conditions over Two Seas of Arctic Ocean D. Panicker et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01651-3
- Diagnosing sea ice from the north american multi model ensemble and implications on mid-latitude winter climate A. Elders & K. Pegion https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4049-3
- Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set inter-comparison for Arctic summer conditions S. Kern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2469-2020
- Seasonality and scenario dependence of rapid Arctic sea ice loss events in CMIP6 simulations A. Sticker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3259-2025
- Intercomparison of the Arctic sea ice cover in global ocean–sea ice reanalyses from the ORA-IP project M. Chevallier et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-2985-y
- A Spatial Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice and Regional Limitations in CMIP6 Historical Simulations M. Watts et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0491.1
61 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6 D. Notz & S. Community https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086749
- Examining Antarctic sea ice bias sensitivity in the multi-variate parameter space using a global coupled climate modelling system S. Schroeter & P. Sandery https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102313
- Arctic Sea Ice in a 1.5°C Warmer World A. Niederdrenk & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076159
- Insights on past and future sea-ice evolution from combining observations and models J. Stroeve & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.011
- Impact of model resolution on Arctic sea ice and North Atlantic Ocean heat transport D. Docquier et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04840-y
- Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System Model Simulations F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.119001
- Skill of Seasonal Arctic Sea Ice Extent Predictions Using the North American Multimodel Ensemble K. Harnos et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0766.1
- Consistently Estimating Internal Climate Variability from Climate Model Simulations D. Olonscheck & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0428.1
- Uncertainty of the satellite-retrieved sea-ice area record and its trend A. Wernecke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3783-2026
- Brief communication: New perspectives on the skill of modelled sea ice trends in light of recent Antarctic sea ice loss C. Holmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5641-2024
- Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context of Longer‐Term Variability C. Eayrs et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631
- Automated parameter tuning applied to sea ice in a global climate model L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3581-5
- Sensitivity of NEMO4.0-SI3 model parameters on sea ice budgets in the Southern Ocean Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023
- Modeled Arctic sea ice evolution through 2300 in CMIP5 extended RCPs P. Hezel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1195-2014
- Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming E. Rosenblum & I. Eisenman https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0455.1
- Consistent biases in Antarctic sea ice concentration simulated by climate models L. Roach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-365-2018
- Aerosol‐driven increase in Arctic sea ice over the middle of the twentieth century M. Gagné et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071941
- The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations D. Notz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3427-2016
- Improving Met Office seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice using assimilation of CryoSat-2 thickness E. Blockley & K. Peterson https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3419-2018
- Observationally-constrained projections of an ice-free Arctic even under a low emission scenario Y. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38511-8
- Arctic Sea Ice in Two Configurations of the CESM2 During the 20th and 21st Centuries P. DeRepentigny et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016133
- Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021
- Monthly Arctic sea ice prediction based on a data-driven deep learning model X. Huan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/acffb2
- Attribution of late summer early autumn Arctic sea ice decline in recent decades L. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-00157-4
- Benefits and challenges of dynamic sea ice for weather forecasts J. Day et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-713-2022
- Bright Prospects for Arctic Sea Ice Prediction on Subseasonal Time Scales L. Zampieri et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079394
- Modeled Interannual Variability of Arctic Sea Ice Cover is within Observational Uncertainty C. Wyburn-Powell et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0958.1
- Moving beyond the Total Sea Ice Extent in Gauging Model Biases D. Ivanova et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0026.1
- An Internal Atmospheric Process Determining Summertime Arctic Sea Ice Melting in the Next Three Decades: Lessons Learned from Five Large Ensembles and Multiple CMIP5 Climate Simulations D. Topál et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0803.1
- A review of interactions between ocean heat transport and Arctic sea ice D. Docquier & T. Koenigk https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac30be
- Assessment of Antarctic sea ice area and concentration in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 models F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7916
- Partitioning uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice D. Bonan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe0ec
- Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set intercomparison: closed ice and ship-based observations S. Kern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019
- Relationships between Arctic sea ice drift and strength modelled by NEMO-LIM3.6 D. Docquier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2829-2017
- Antarctic Sea Ice Projections Constrained by Historical Ice Cover and Future Global Temperature Change C. Holmes et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097413
- Validation of sea ice models using an uncertainty‐based distance metric for multiple model variables J. Urrego‐Blanco et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012602
- Benchmark estimate of the effect of anthropogenic emissions on the ocean surface D. Stone & P. Pall https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7002
- Improving Arctic Sea Ice Prediction Using PIOMAS Initial Sea Ice Thickness in a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model T. Collow et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0097.1
- Sea-ice cover timing in the Pacific Arctic: The present and projections to mid-century by selected CMIP5 models M. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.11.017
- Sensitivity of Arctic marine heatwaves to half-a-degree increase in global warming: 10-fold frequency increase and 15-fold extreme intensity likelihood D. León-FonFay et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ada029
- Sea-ice algal phenology in a warmer Arctic L. Tedesco et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4830
- Observationally-constrained projections of September ice-free Arctic by selecting optimal fingerprint strategy Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08088-1
- Evaluation of Arctic Sea-ice Cover and Thickness Simulated by MITgcm F. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9223-6
- How well can the observed Arctic sea ice summer retreat and winter advance be represented in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2? T. Collow et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3417-8
- Seasonal and Regional Antarctic Sea Ice Biases: A Closer Look at CMIP6 S. Schroeter https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2025.2507880
- Filling the Polar Data Gap in Sea Ice Concentration Fields Using Partial Differential Equations C. Strong & K. Golden https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060442
- The first ice-free day in the Arctic Ocean could occur before 2030 C. Heuzé & A. Jahn https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3
- New insight from CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness for sea ice modelling D. Schröder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-125-2019
- Impact of the initialisation on the predictability of the Southern Ocean sea ice at interannual to multi-decadal timescales V. Zunz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2344-9
- How well must climate models agree with observations? D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0164
- The Trajectory Towards a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic Ocean D. Notz & J. Stroeve https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0113-2
- Satellite-retrieved sea ice concentration uncertainty and its effect on modelling wave evolution in marginal ice zones T. Nose et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2029-2020
- Differences Between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration Budgets Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105265
- Marginal ice zone fraction benchmarks sea ice and climate model skill C. Horvat https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22004-7
- Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons J. Stroeve & D. Notz https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aade56
- Spatio-temporal Analyses of Sea Ice Conditions over Two Seas of Arctic Ocean D. Panicker et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01651-3
- Diagnosing sea ice from the north american multi model ensemble and implications on mid-latitude winter climate A. Elders & K. Pegion https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4049-3
- Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set inter-comparison for Arctic summer conditions S. Kern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2469-2020
- Seasonality and scenario dependence of rapid Arctic sea ice loss events in CMIP6 simulations A. Sticker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3259-2025
- Intercomparison of the Arctic sea ice cover in global ocean–sea ice reanalyses from the ORA-IP project M. Chevallier et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-2985-y
- A Spatial Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice and Regional Limitations in CMIP6 Historical Simulations M. Watts et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0491.1
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