Bhatia, M. P., Kujawinski, E. B., Das, S. B., Breier, C. F., Henderson, P. B., and Charette, M. A.: Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 274–278, 2013.
a,
b
Blain, S., Guieu, C., Claustre, H., Leblanc, K., Moutin, T., Quéguiner, B., Ras, J., and Sarthou, G.: Availability of iron and major nutrients for phytoplankton in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 2095–2104, 2004. a
Boyd, P. W.: The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison of in situ iron enrichments, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1803–1821, 2002. a
Boyd, P. W. and Ellwood, M. J.: The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 3, 675–682, 2010.
a,
b
Boyle, E., Edmond, J., and Sholkovitz, E.: The mechanism of iron removal in estuaries, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 41, 1313–1324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90075-8, 1977.
a
Campbell, J. and Yeats, P.: The distribution of manganese, iron, nickel, copper and cadmium in the waters of Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Oceanol. Acta, 5, 161–168,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0254(82)90107-8, 1982.
a
Clark, P. U., Church, J. A., Gregory, J. M., and Payne, A. J.: Recent progress in understanding and projecting regional and global mean sea level change, Current Climate Change Reports, 1, 224–246, 2015. a
Colombo, M., Brown, K. A., De Vera, J., Bergquist, B. A., and Orians, K. J.: Trace metal geochemistry of remote rivers in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Chem. Geol., 525, 479–491, 2019. a
Dietzen, C. and Rosing, M. T.: Quantification of
CO2 uptake by enhanced weathering of silicate minerals applied to acidic soils, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con., 125, 103872,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103872, 2023.
a
Edwards, T. L., Nowicki, S., Marzeion, B., Hock, R., Goelzer, H., Seroussi, H., Jourdain, N. C., Slater, D. A., Turner, F. E., Smith, C. J. and McKenna, C. M.: Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise, Nature, 593, 74–82, 2021. a
Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Larour, E., Seroussi, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Gregory, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Chambers, C., Choi, Y., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C., Edwards, T., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Leguy, G., Little, C., Lowry, D. P., Morlighem, M., Nias, I., Quiquet, A., Rückamp, M., Schlegel, N.-J., Slater, D. A., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Tarasov, L., van de Wal, R., and van den Broeke, M.: The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6, The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020.
a
Grasshoff, P.: Methods of seawater analysis, Verlag Chemie, FRG, 419, 61–72,
https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573668924033184256 (last access: 14 August 2025), 1983. a
Greene, C. A., Gardner, A. S., Wood, M., and Cuzzone, J. K.: Ubiquitous acceleration in Greenland Ice Sheet calving from 1985 to 2022, Nature, 625, 523–528, 2024. a
Gunnarsen, K. C., Jensen, L. S., Rosing, M. T., and Dietzen, C.: Greenlandic glacial rock flour improves crop yield in organic agricultural production, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 126, 51–66, 2023. a
Hasholt, B., Bobrovitskaya, N., Bogen, J., McNamara, J., Mernild, S. H., Milburn, D., and Walling, D. E.: Sediment transport to the Arctic Ocean and adjoining cold oceans, Hydrol. Res., 37, 413–432, 2006. a
Hasholt, B., van As, D., Mikkelsen, A. B., Mernild, S. H., and Yde, J. C.: Observed sediment and solute transport from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2006–2016), Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 50, e1433789,
https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1433789, 2018.
a
Hawkings, J. R., Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., Raiswell, R., Benning, L. G., Statham, P. J., Tedstone, A., Nienow, P., Lee, K., and Telling, J.: Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–8, 2014. a
Hawkings, J. R., Wadham, J. L., Benning, L. G., Hendry, K. R., Tranter, M., Tedstone, A., Nienow, P., and Raiswell, R.: Ice sheets as a missing source of silica to the polar oceans, Nat. Commun., 8, 14198,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14198, 2017.
a,
b
Hopwood, M. J., Connelly, D. P., Arendt, K. E., Juul-Pedersen, T., Stinchcombe, M. C., Meire, L., Esposito, M., and Krishna, R.: Seasonal Changes in Fe along a Glaciated Greenlandic Fjord, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 15,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00015, 2016.
a
IMBIE Team: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018, Nature, 579, 233–239, 2020. a
IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater–2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, UNESCO (English), 56, 196,
https://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Manual.pdf (last access: 14 August 2025), 2010. a
Khan, S. A., Colgan, W., Neumann, T. A., Van Den Broeke, M. R., Brunt, K. M., Noël, B., Bamber, J. L., Hassan, J., and Bjørk, A. A.: Accelerating ice loss from peripheral glaciers in North Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098915,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098915, 2022.
a
Krause, J. W., Duarte, C. M., Marquez, I. A., Assmy, P., Fernández-Méndez, M., Wiedmann, I., Wassmann, P., Kristiansen, S., and Agustí, S.: Biogenic silica production and diatom dynamics in the Svalbard region during spring, Biogeosciences, 15, 6503–6517,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6503-2018, 2018.
a
Krause, J. W., Schulz, I. K., Rowe, K. A., Dobbins, W., Winding, M. H., Sejr, M. K., Duarte, C. M., and Agustí, S.: Silicic acid limitation drives bloom termination and potential carbon sequestration in an Arctic bloom, Sci. Rep., 9, 8149,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44587-4, 2019.
a
MacDonald, R. and McLaughlin, F.: The effect of storage by freezing on dissolved inorganic phosphate, nitrate and reactive silicate for samples from coastal and estuarine waters, Water Res., 16, 95–104, 1982. a
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Milne, A., Langlois, R., Achterberg, E. P., Lochte, K., Geider, R. J., and La Roche, J.: Iron limits primary productivity during spring bloom development in the central North Atlantic, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 626–634, 2006. a
Ng, H. C., Hendry, K. R., Ward, R., Woodward, E., Leng, M. J., Pickering, R. A., and Krause, J. W.: Detrital input sustains diatom production off a glaciated Arctic coast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL108324,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108324, 2024.
a
Nielsdóttir, M. C., Moore, C. M., Sanders, R., Hinz, D. J., and Achterberg, E. P.: Iron limitation of the postbloom phytoplankton communities in the Iceland Basin, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003410, 2009.
a
Nielsen, M. H., Erbs-Hansen, D. R., and Knudsen, K. L.: Water masses in Kangerlussuaq, a large fjord in West Greenland: the processes of formation and the associated foraminiferal fauna, Polar Res., 29, 159–175, 2010.
a,
b
Overeem, I., Hudson, B. D., Syvitski, J. P., Mikkelsen, A. B., Hasholt, B., Van Den Broeke, M., Noël, B., and Morlighem, M.: Substantial export of suspended sediment to the global oceans from glacial erosion in Greenland, Nat. Geosci., 10, 859–863, 2017.
a,
b
Paxman, G. J. G., Jamieson, S. S. R., Dolan, A. M., and Bentley, M. J.: Subglacial valleys preserved in the highlands of south and east Greenland record restricted ice extent during past warmer climates, The Cryosphere, 18, 1467–1493,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1467-2024, 2024.
a
Ryan-Keogh, T. J., Macey, A. I., Nielsdóttir, M. C., Lucas, M. I., Steigenberger, S. S., Stinchcombe, M. C., Achterberg, E. P., Bibby, T. S., and Moore, C. M.: Spatial and temporal development of phytoplankton iron stress in relation to bloom dynamics in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 533–545, 2013. a
Slater, T., Shepherd, A., McMillan, M., Leeson, A., Gilbert, L., Muir, A., Munneke, P. K., Noël, B., Fettweis, X., van den Broeke, M., and Briggs, K.: Increased variability in Greenland Ice Sheet runoff from satellite observations, Nat. Commun., 12, 6069,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26229-4, 2021.
a
Strzepek, R. F., Hunter, K. A., Frew, R. D., Harrison, P. J., and Boyd, P. W.: Iron-light interactions differ in Southern Ocean phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 1182–1200, 2012. a
van As, D., Hasholt, B., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Colgan, W., Fausto, R. S., Mernild, S. H., Mikkelsen, A. B., Noël, B. P. Y., Petersen, D., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Reconstructing Greenland Ice Sheet meltwater discharge through the Watson River (1949–2017), Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 50, S100010,
https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1433799, 2018.
a,
b
van Genuchten, C., Rosing, M., Hopwood, M., Liu, T., Krause, J., and Meire, L.: Decoupling of particles and dissolved iron downstream of Greenlandic glacier outflows, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 576, 117234,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117234, 2021.
a
Yde, J. C., Knudsen, N. T., Hasholt, B., and Mikkelsen, A. B.: Meltwater chemistry and solute export from a Greenland ice sheet catchment, Watson River, West Greenland, J. Hydrol., 519, 2165–2179,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.018, 2014.
a
Zeising, O., Neckel, N., Dörr, N., Helm, V., Steinhage, D., Timmermann, R., and Humbert, A.: Extreme melting at Greenland's largest floating ice tongue, The Cryosphere, 18, 1333–1357,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1333-2024, 2024.
a
Zhang, R., John, S. G., Zhang, J., Ren, J., Wu, Y., Zhu, Z., Liu, S., Zhu, X., Marsay, C. M., and Wenger, F.: Transport and reaction of iron and iron stable isotopes in glacial meltwaters on Svalbard near Kongsfjorden: From rivers to estuary to ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 424, 201–211,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.031, 2015.
a,
b
