Articles | Volume 17, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3193-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3193-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 08 Aug 2023
| 08 Aug 2023
The effect of partial dissolution on sea-ice chemical transport: a combined model–observational study using poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs)
Department of Physics, University of Otago, Ōtepoti / Dunedin, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Briana Cate
Department of Physics, University of Otago, Ōtepoti / Dunedin, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Jack Garnett
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster
University, Lancaster, UK
Inga J. Smith
Department of Physics, University of Otago, Ōtepoti / Dunedin, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Martin Vancoppenolle
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Crispin Halsall
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster
University, Lancaster, UK
Related authors
Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7289–7309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representation of ice sheets. As the climate warms and the ice sheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica using multiple different climate models.
Josué Bock, Jan Kaiser, Max Thomas, Andreas Bott, and Roland von Glasow
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5807–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
MISTRA-v9.0 is an atmospheric boundary layer chemistry model. The model includes a detailed particle description with regards to the microphysics, gas–particle interactions, and liquid phase chemistry within particles. Version 9.0 is the first release of MISTRA as an open-source community model. This paper presents a thorough description of the model characteristics and components. We show some examples of simulations reproducing previous studies with MISTRA with good consistency.
Max Thomas, Johannes C. Laube, Jan Kaiser, Samuel Allin, Patricia Martinerie, Robert Mulvaney, Anna Ridley, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, and Emmanuel Witrant
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6857–6873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CFC gases are destroying the Earth's life-protecting ozone layer. We improve understanding of CFC destruction by measuring the isotopic fingerprint of the carbon in the three most abundant CFCs. These are the first such measurements in the main region where CFCs are destroyed – the stratosphere. We reconstruct the atmospheric isotope histories of these CFCs back to the 1950s by measuring air extracted from deep snow and using a model. The model and the measurements are generally consistent.
Max Thomas, James France, Odile Crabeck, Benjamin Hall, Verena Hof, Dirk Notz, Tokoloho Rampai, Leif Riemenschneider, Oliver John Tooth, Mathilde Tranter, and Jan Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber, a laboratory facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions. We characterise the technical capabilities of our facility to help future users plan and perform experiments. We also characterise the sea ice grown in the facility, showing that the extinction of photosynthetically active radiation, the bulk salinity, and the growth rate of our artificial sea ice are within the range of natural values.
Morven Muilwijk, Tore Hattermann, Rebecca L. Beadling, Neil C. Swart, Aleksi Nummelin, Chuncheng Guo, David M. Chandler, Petra Langebroek, Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Stephen M. Griffies, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Ombeline Jouet, Qian Li, Torge Martin, John Marshall, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Zihan Song, Inga J. Smith, Max Thomas, Irene Trombini, Eveline van der Linden, and Xiaoqi Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3747, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3747, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic meltwater affects ocean stratification and temperature, which in turn influences the rate of ice shelf melting—a coupling missing in most climate models. We analyze a suite of climate models with added meltwater to explore this feedback in different regions. While meltwater generally enhances ocean warming and melt, in West Antarctica most models simulate coastal cooling, suggesting a negative feedback that could slow future ice loss there.
Baylor Fox-Kemper, Patricia DeRepentigny, Anne Marie Treguier, Christian Stepanek, Eleanor O’Rourke, Chloe Mackallah, Alberto Meucci, Yevgeny Aksenov, Paul J. Durack, Nicole Feldl, Vanessa Hernaman, Céline Heuzé, Doroteaciro Iovino, Gaurav Madan, André L. Marquez, François Massonnet, Jenny Mecking, Dhrubajyoti Samanta, Patrick C. Taylor, Wan-Ling Tseng, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The earth system model variables needed for studies of the ocean and sea ice are prioritized and requested.
Hugues Goosse, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Benjamin Richaud, Alessandro Silvano, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1837, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
Letizia Tedesco, Giulia Castellani, Pedro Duarte, Meibing Jin, Sebastien Moreau, Eric Mortenson, Benjamin Tobey Saenz, Nadja Steiner, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is home to tiny algae that support polar marine life, but understanding how they grow and interact with their environment remains challenging. We compared six computer models that simulate these algae and nutrients in sea ice, testing them against real-world data from Arctic sea ice. Our results show that while models can capture algal growth, they struggle to represent nutrient changes. Improving these models will help in understanding how climate change affects polar marine ecosystems.
Théo Brivoal, Virginie Guemas, Martin Vancoppenolle, Clément Rousset, and Bertrand Decharme
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3220, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Snow in polar regions is key to sea ice formation and the Earth's climate, but current climate models simplify snow cover on sea ice. This study integrates an intermediate complexity snow-physics scheme into a sea-ice model designed for climate applications. We show that modelling the temporal changes in properties such as the density and thermal conductivity of the snow layers leads to a more accurate representation of heat transfer between the underlying sea ice and the atmosphere.
Ed Blockley, Emma Fiedler, Jeff Ridley, Luke Roberts, Alex West, Dan Copsey, Daniel Feltham, Tim Graham, David Livings, Clement Rousset, David Schroeder, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6799–6817, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the sea ice model component of the latest Met Office coupled model configuration, which will be used as the physical basis for UK contributions to CMIP7. Documentation of science options used in the configuration are given along with a brief model evaluation. This is the first UK configuration to use NEMO’s new SI3 sea ice model. We provide details on how SI3 was adapted to work with Met Office coupling methodology and documentation of coupling processes in the model.
Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7289–7309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representation of ice sheets. As the climate warms and the ice sheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica using multiple different climate models.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Xia Lin, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Martin Vancoppenolle
The Cryosphere, 17, 1935–1965, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1935-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1935-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides clues on how improved atmospheric reanalysis products influence sea ice simulations in ocean–sea ice models. The summer ice concentration simulation in both hemispheres can be improved with changed surface heat fluxes. The winter Antarctic ice concentration and the Arctic drift speed near the ice edge and the ice velocity direction simulations are improved with changed wind stress. The radiation fluxes and winds in atmospheric reanalyses are crucial for sea ice simulations.
Yafei Nie, Chengkun Li, Martin Vancoppenolle, Bin Cheng, Fabio Boeira Dias, Xianqing Lv, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1395–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
State-of-the-art Earth system models simulate the observed sea ice extent relatively well, but this is often due to errors in the dynamic and other processes in the simulated sea ice changes cancelling each other out. We assessed the sensitivity of these processes simulated by the coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO4.0-SI3 to 18 parameters. The performance of the model in simulating sea ice change processes was ultimately improved by adjusting the three identified key parameters.
Hugues Goosse, Sofia Allende Contador, Cecilia M. Bitz, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Clare Eayrs, Thierry Fichefet, Kenza Himmich, Pierre-Vincent Huot, François Klein, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Charles Pelletier, Lettie Roach, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 17, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized sensitivity experiments with a regional atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, we show that sea ice advance is constrained by initial conditions in March and the retreat season is influenced by the magnitude of several physical processes, in particular by the ice–albedo feedback and ice transport. Atmospheric feedbacks amplify the response of the winter ice extent to perturbations, while some negative feedbacks related to heat conduction fluxes act on the ice volume.
Josué Bock, Jan Kaiser, Max Thomas, Andreas Bott, and Roland von Glasow
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5807–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
MISTRA-v9.0 is an atmospheric boundary layer chemistry model. The model includes a detailed particle description with regards to the microphysics, gas–particle interactions, and liquid phase chemistry within particles. Version 9.0 is the first release of MISTRA as an open-source community model. This paper presents a thorough description of the model characteristics and components. We show some examples of simulations reproducing previous studies with MISTRA with good consistency.
Ralf Döscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Gröger, Jost v. Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, François Massonnet, Martin Ménégoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tintó Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrödner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Wårlind, Ulrika Willén, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2973–3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
Greg H. Leonard, Kate E. Turner, Maren E. Richter, Maddy S. Whittaker, and Inga J. Smith
The Cryosphere, 15, 4999–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
McMurdo Sound sea ice can generally be partitioned into two regimes: a stable fast-ice cover forming south of approximately 77.6° S and a more dynamic region north of 77.6° S that is regularly impacted by polynyas. In 2019, a stable fast-ice cover formed unusually late due to repeated break-out events. This subsequently affected sea-ice operations in the 2019/20 field season. We analysed the 2019 sea-ice conditions and found a strong correlation with unusually large southerly wind events.
Xia Lin, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6331–6354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new Sea Ice Evaluation Tool (SITool) to evaluate the model skills on the bipolar sea ice simulations by providing performance metrics and diagnostics. SITool is applied to evaluate the CMIP6 OMIP simulations. By changing the atmospheric forcing from CORE-II to JRA55-do data, many aspects of sea ice simulations are improved. SITool will be useful for helping teams managing various versions of a sea ice model or tracking the time evolution of model performance.
Max Thomas, Johannes C. Laube, Jan Kaiser, Samuel Allin, Patricia Martinerie, Robert Mulvaney, Anna Ridley, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, and Emmanuel Witrant
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6857–6873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CFC gases are destroying the Earth's life-protecting ozone layer. We improve understanding of CFC destruction by measuring the isotopic fingerprint of the carbon in the three most abundant CFCs. These are the first such measurements in the main region where CFCs are destroyed – the stratosphere. We reconstruct the atmospheric isotope histories of these CFCs back to the 1950s by measuring air extracted from deep snow and using a model. The model and the measurements are generally consistent.
Max Thomas, James France, Odile Crabeck, Benjamin Hall, Verena Hof, Dirk Notz, Tokoloho Rampai, Leif Riemenschneider, Oliver John Tooth, Mathilde Tranter, and Jan Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber, a laboratory facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions. We characterise the technical capabilities of our facility to help future users plan and perform experiments. We also characterise the sea ice grown in the facility, showing that the extinction of photosynthetically active radiation, the bulk salinity, and the growth rate of our artificial sea ice are within the range of natural values.
Ann Keen, Ed Blockley, David A. Bailey, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Mitchell Bushuk, Steve Delhaye, David Docquier, Daniel Feltham, François Massonnet, Siobhan O'Farrell, Leandro Ponsoni, José M. Rodriguez, David Schroeder, Neil Swart, Takahiro Toyoda, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Klaus Wyser
The Cryosphere, 15, 951–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compare the mass budget of the Arctic sea ice in a number of the latest climate models. New output has been defined that allows us to compare the processes of sea ice growth and loss in a more detailed way than has previously been possible. We find that that the models are strikingly similar in terms of the major processes causing the annual growth and loss of Arctic sea ice and that the budget terms respond in a broadly consistent way as the climate warms during the 21st century.
Cited articles
Assur, A.: Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength, Arctic Sea Ice,
598, 106–138, 1958. a
Cottier, F., Eicken, H., and Wadhams, P.: Linkages between salinity and brine
channel distribution in young sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 104, 15859–15871, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900128, 1999. a, b
Cox, G. F. and Weeks, W. F.: Numerical simulations of the profile properties of
undeformed first-year sea ice during the growth season, J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 12449–12460, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC10p12449,
1988. a, b
Eicken, H.: Deriving modes and rates of ice growth in the Weddell Sea from
microstructural, salinity, and stable-isotope data, Antar. Res.
S., 74, 89–122, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR074p0089, 1998. a
Freire, M. G., Razzouk, A., Mokbel, I., Jose, J., Marrucho, I. M., and
Coutinho, J. A.: Solubility of hexafluorobenzene in aqueous salt solutions
from (280 to 340) K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 50, 237–242,
https://doi.org/10.1021/je049707h, 2005. a
Fritsen, C., Lytle, V., Ackley, S., and Sullivan, C.: Autumn bloom of Antarctic
pack-ice algae, Science, 266, 782–784, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5186.782,
1994. a, b
Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Thomas, M., France, J., Kaiser, J., Graf, C., Leeson,
A., and Wynn, P.: Mechanistic insight into the uptake and fate of persistent
organic pollutants in sea ice, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53,
6757–6764, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00967, 2019. a, b
Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Thomas, M., Crabeck, O., France, J., Joerss, H.,
Ebinghaus, R., Kaiser, J., Leeson, A., and Wynn, P. M.: Investigating the
uptake and fate of poly-and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice
using an experimental sea ice chamber, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
55, 9601–9608, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f
Grannas, A. M., Bogdal, C., Hageman, K. J., Halsall, C., Harner, T., Hung, H., Kallenborn, R., Klán, P., Klánová, J., Macdonald, R. W., Meyer, T., and Wania, F.: The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3271–3305, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3271-2013, 2013. a
Griewank, P. J. and Notz, D.: Insights into brine dynamics and sea ice
desalination from a 1-D model study of gravity drainage, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3370–3386, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20247,
2013. a, b, c, d
Hood, E., Howes, B., and Jenkins, W.: Dissolved gas dynamics in perennially
ice-covered Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43,
265–272, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.2.0265, 1998. a
Hoog, I., Mitra, S. K., Diehl, K., and Borrmann, S.: Laboratory studies about
the interaction of ammonia with ice crystals at temperatures between 0 and-
20 C, J. Atmos. Chem., 57, 73–84,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-007-9063-0, 2007. a
Kotovitch, M., Moreau, S., Zhou, J., Vancoppenolle, M., Dieckmann, G. S.,
Evers, K.-U., Van der Linden, F., Thomas, D. N., Tison, J.-L., and Delille,
B.: Air-ice carbon pathways inferred from a sea ice tank experiment, Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 4, 000112, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000112, 2016. a, b
Krembs, C., Gradinger, R., and Spindler, M.: Implications of brine channel
geometry and surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic
sea ice, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 243, 55–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00111-2, 2000. a, b, c
Krembs, C., Eicken, H., and Deming, J. W.: Exopolymer alteration of physical
properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and
biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 108, 3653–3658, 2011. a
Lannuzel, D., Vancoppenolle, M., van Der Merwe, P., De Jong, J., Meiners,
K. M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, J., and Schoemann, V.: Iron in sea ice: Review
and new insightsIron in sea ice: Review and new insights, Elementa: Science
of the Anthropocene, 4, 000130, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000130, 2016. a
Lehmann, M. and Siegenthaler, U.: Equilibrium oxygen-and hydrogen-isotope
fractionation between ice and water, J. Glaciol., 37, 23–26,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000042751, 1991. a
Maykut, G. and Light, B.: Refractive-index measurements in freezing sea-ice and
sodium chloride brines, Appl. Optics, 34, 950–961,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.34.000950, 1995. a
Namiot, A. Y. and Bukhgalter, E.: Clathrates formed by gases in ice,
J. Struct. Chem., 6, 873–874, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00747111, 1965. a
Notz, D. and Worster, M. G.: In situ measurements of the evolution of young sea
ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C03001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004333, 2008. a
Notz, D. and Worster, M. G.: Desalination processes of sea ice revisited,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C05006,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004885, 2009. a, b
Pućko, M., Stern, G., Barber, D., Macdonald, R., and Rosenberg, B.: The
international polar year (IPY) circumpolar flaw lead (CFL) system study: The
importance of brine processes for α-and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane
(HCH) accumulation or rejection in sea ice, Atmos. Ocean, 48, 244–262,
https://doi.org/10.3137/OC318.2010, 2010a. a
Pućko, M., Stern, G., Macdonald, R., and Barber, D.: α-and
γ-hexachlorocyclohexane measurements in the brine fraction of sea ice
in the Canadian high Arctic using a sump-hole technique, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 44, 9258–9264, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102275b,
2010b. a
Rees Jones, D. W. and Worster, M. G.: A physically based parameterization of
gravity drainage for sea-ice modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 5599–5621, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009296, 2014. a, b, c
Smith, I., Langhorne, P., Frew, R., Vennell, R., and Haskell, T.: Sea ice
growth rates near ice shelves, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 83–84,
57–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.06.005, 2012. a
Smith, J., Beuthe, B., Dunk, M., Demeure, S., Carmona, J., Medve, A., Spence,
M., Pancras, T., Schrauwen, G., Held, T., et al.: Environmental fate and
effects of polyand perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), CONCAWE Reports, 8,
1–107, 2016. a
Thomas, M., France, J., Crabeck, O., Hall, B., Hof, V., Notz, D., Rampai, T., Riemenschneider, L., Tooth, O. J., Tranter, M., and Kaiser, J.: The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021. a, b, c
Thomas, M., Cate, B., Garnett, J., Vancoppenolle, M., Smith, I. J., and Halsall, C.: Reproduction capsule for The effect of partial dissolution on sea-ice chemical transport: a combined model–observational study using poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS), Code Ocean [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.24433/CO.6237417.v2, 2023.
a
Tison, J.-L., Haas, C., Gowing, M. M., Sleewaegen, S., and Bernard, A.: Tank
study of physico-chemical controls on gas content and composition during
growth of young sea ice, J. Glaciol., 48, 177–191,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831377, 2002. a
Turner, A. K., Hunke, E. C., and Bitz, C. M.: Two modes of sea-ice gravity
drainage: A parameterization for large-scale modeling, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 118, 2279–2294, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20171, 2013. a, b
Vancoppenolle, M., Goosse, H., De Montety, A., Fichefet, T., Tremblay, B., and
Tison, J.-L.: Modeling brine and nutrient dynamics in Antarctic sea ice: The
case of dissolved silica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C02005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005369, 2010. a, b, c
Vancoppenolle, M., Meiners, K. M., Michel, C., Bopp, L., Brabant, F., Carnat,
G., Delille, B., Lannuzel, D., Madec, G., and Moreau, S.: Role of sea ice in
global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 79, 207–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011, 2013. a
Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Thomas, M., and McDougall, T. J.: Thermodynamics
of Sea Ice Phase Composition Revisited, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 615–634, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014611, 2019. a
Wells, A., Wettlaufer, J., and Orszag, S.: Brine fluxes from growing sea ice,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046288, 2011. a
Zhou, J., Delille, B., Eicken, H., Vancoppenolle, M., Brabant, F., Carnat, G.,
Geilfus, N.-X., Papakyriakou, T., Heinesch, B., and Tison, J.-L.: Physical
and biogeochemical properties in landfast sea ice (Barrow, Alaska): Insights
on brine and gas dynamics across seasons, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3172–3189, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20232, 2013. a
Zhou, J., Tison, J.-L., Carnat, G., Geilfus, N.-X., and Delille, B.: Physical controls on the storage of methane in landfast sea ice, The Cryosphere, 8, 1019–1029, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1019-2014, 2014. a, b
Short summary
A recent study showed that pollutants can be enriched in growing sea ice beyond what we would expect from a perfectly dissolved chemical. We hypothesise that this effect is caused by the specific properties of the pollutants working in combination with fluid moving through the sea ice. To test our hypothesis, we replicate this behaviour in a sea-ice model and show that this type of modelling can be applied to predicting the transport of chemicals with complex behaviour in sea ice.
A recent study showed that pollutants can be enriched in growing sea ice beyond what we would...
