Articles | Volume 10, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja,
Sturlugötu 7, 101 Reykjavìk, Iceland
Robert S. Anderson
Institute of Arctic
and Alpine Research, and Department of Geological Sciences, University of
Colorado, Campus Box 450, Boulder, Colorado, CO 80309, USA
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Cited
92 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya F. Brun et al. 10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018
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- Debris Cover Limits Subglacial Erosion and Promotes Till Accumulation I. Delaney & L. Anderson 10.1029/2022GL099049
- Contrasting Changes of Debris-Free Glacier and Debris-Covered Glacier in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau C. Zhao et al. 10.3390/rs16050918
- Controls on the relative melt rates of debris-covered glacier surfaces E. Miles et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac6966
- Modelling debris transport within glaciers by advection in a full-Stokes ice flow model A. Wirbel et al. 10.5194/tc-12-189-2018
- A new model of rock glacier dynamics J. Knight 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.05.008
- The sensitivity and evolutionary trajectory of the mountain cryosphere: Implications for mountain geomorphic systems and hazards J. Knight & S. Harrison 10.1002/ldr.4630
- Reversed Surface-Mass-Balance Gradients on Himalayan Debris-Covered Glaciers Inferred from Remote Sensing R. Bisset et al. 10.3390/rs12101563
- Seasonal Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on Baltoro Glacier From 2016 to 2020 A. Wendleder et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.725394
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- The origin and collapse of rock glaciers during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial: A new study case from the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain) J. Santos-González et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108112
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- Thickness estimation of supraglacial debris above ice cliff exposures using a high-resolution digital surface model derived from terrestrial photography L. NICHOLSON & J. MERTES 10.1017/jog.2017.68
- Last-glacial-cycle glacier erosion potential in the Alps J. Seguinot & I. Delaney 10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021
- Glaciological and meteorological investigations of an Alpine debris-covered glacier: the case study of Amola Glacier (Italy) D. Fugazza et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104008
- Supraglacial debris thickness and supply rate in High-Mountain Asia M. McCarthy et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00588-2
- An integrated deep learning and object-based image analysis approach for mapping debris-covered glaciers D. Thomas et al. 10.3389/frsen.2023.1161530
- Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier P. Kraaijenbrink et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013
- Stability of supraglacial debris P. Moore 10.1002/esp.4244
- The Causes of Debris-Covered Glacier Thinning: Evidence for the Importance of Ice Dynamics From Kennicott Glacier, Alaska L. Anderson et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.680995
- Interpreting exposure ages from ice‐cored moraines: a Neoglacial case study on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada S. Crump et al. 10.1002/jqs.2979
- Temporal evolution of headwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in the medial moraines of Glacier d'Otemma, Switzerland K. Wetterauer et al. 10.1002/esp.5386
- A glacier in transition: Surface elevation change, ELA and geomorphic evolution of a very small glacier in the Dolomites (S-E Alps) A. Securo et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108956
- Interpretation of Volume and Flux Changes of the Laurichard Rock Glacier Between 1952 and 2019, French Alps D. Cusicanqui et al. 10.1029/2021JF006161
- Modelling the evolution of Djankuat Glacier, North Caucasus, from 1752 until 2100 CE Y. Verhaegen et al. 10.5194/tc-14-4039-2020
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- Morphometric evolution of Everest region debris-covered glaciers O. King et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107422
- Glaciation of alpine valleys: The glacier – debris-covered glacier – rock glacier continuum R. Anderson et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.015
- Spatially heterogeneous glacier elevation change in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya, India derived using ASTER DEMs S. Das et al. 10.1080/10106049.2022.2136254
- Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris-covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA P. Moore et al. 10.1080/15230430.2019.1582269
- The Role of Differential Ablation and Dynamic Detachment in Driving Accelerating Mass Loss From a Debris‐Covered Himalayan Glacier A. Rowan et al. 10.1029/2020JF005761
- The Challenge of Non-Stationary Feedbacks in Modeling the Response of Debris-Covered Glaciers to Climate Forcing L. Nicholson et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.662695
- Numerical Simulation of Supraglacial Debris Mobility: Implications for Ablation and Landform Genesis P. Moore 10.3389/feart.2021.710131
- Debris-covered glacier systems and associated glacial lake outburst flood hazards: challenges and prospects A. Racoviteanu et al. 10.1144/jgs2021-084
- Estimation of ice ablation on a debris-covered glacier from vertical debris-temperature profiles S. Laha et al. 10.1017/jog.2022.35
- Unravelling the evolution of Zmuttgletscher and its debris cover since the end of the Little Ice Age N. Mölg et al. 10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019
- Continuous borehole optical televiewing reveals variable englacial debris concentrations at Khumbu Glacier, Nepal K. Miles et al. 10.1038/s43247-020-00070-x
- Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates L. Anderson et al. 10.5194/tc-15-265-2021
- Temporal variations in supraglacial debris distribution on Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram between 2001 and 2012 M. Gibson et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.012
- Late Glacial deglaciation of the Zackenberg area, NE Greenland J. Garcia-Oteyza et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108125
- A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges N. Mölg et al. 10.5194/essd-10-1807-2018
- Debris Emergence Elevations and Glacier Change J. Shea et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.709957
- Field-based research directions for investigating the interior of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers K. Miles et al. 10.1017/aog.2023.21
- Contrasting geometric and dynamic evolution of lake and land-terminating glaciers in the central Himalaya O. King et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.006
- Structure from motion used to revive archived aerial photographs for geomorphological analysis: an example from Mount Meager volcano, British Columbia, Canada G. Roberti et al. 10.1139/cjes-2020-0140
- Origins of the divergent evolution of mountain glaciers during deglaciation: Hofsdalur cirques, Northern Iceland L. Tanarro et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107248
- Morphology and evolution of supraglacial hummocks on debris‐covered Himalayan glaciers O. Bartlett et al. 10.1002/esp.5043
- Meteorological impacts of a novel debris‐covered glacier category in a regional climate model across a Himalayan catchment E. Potter et al. 10.1002/asl.1018
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- A billion or more years of possible periglacial/glacial cycling in Protonilus Mensae, Mars R. Soare et al. 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115115
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- Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers J. Ferguson & A. Vieli 10.5194/tc-15-3377-2021
- Seasonal Cold-Wave Propagation Into the Near-Surface Ice of Debris-Covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal K. Miles et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.715129
- Modelling supraglacial debris-cover evolution from the single-glacier to the regional scale: an application to High Mountain Asia L. Compagno et al. 10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022
- Production and Transport of Supraglacial Debris: Insights From Cosmogenic 10Be and Numerical Modeling, Chhota Shigri Glacier, Indian Himalaya D. Scherler & D. Egholm 10.1029/2020JF005586
- Elevation Change Rates of Glaciers in the Lahaul-Spiti (Western Himalaya, India) during 2000–2012 and 2012–2013 S. Vijay & M. Braun 10.3390/rs8121038
- Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris‐Covered Glaciers From Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling M. Kneib et al. 10.1029/2021JF006179
- Estimation of the total sub-debris ablation from point-scale ablation data on a debris-covered glacier S. Shah et al. 10.1017/jog.2019.48
- Thinning and surface mass balance patterns of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau C. Zhao et al. 10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023
- Modeling the feedbacks between surface ablation and morphological variations on debris-covered Baltoro Glacier in the central Karakoram D. Huo et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107840
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- On the influence of debris cover on glacier morphology: How high-relief structures evolve from smooth surfaces N. Mölg et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107092
- Geyik Dağı Güncel Buzulları ve Morfometrik Özeliklleri F. KESERCİ et al. 10.17211/tcd.1395806
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- Vegetation Ecology of Debris-Covered Glaciers (DCGs)—Site Conditions, Vegetation Patterns and Implications for DCGs Serving as Quaternary Cold- and Warm-Stage Plant Refugia T. Fickert et al. 10.3390/d14020114
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- Quantifying Patterns of Supraglacial Debris Thickness and Their Glaciological Controls in High Mountain Asia K. Boxall et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.657440
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91 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya F. Brun et al. 10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018
- Constraints on the timing of debris-covered and rock glaciers: An exploratory case study in the Hólar area, northern Iceland J. Fernández-Fernández et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107196
- Using climate reanalysis data in conjunction with multi-temporal satellite thermal imagery to derive supraglacial debris thickness changes from energy-balance modelling R. Stewart et al. 10.1017/jog.2020.111
- Brief communication: Thinning of debris-covered and debris-free glaciers in a warming climate A. Banerjee 10.5194/tc-11-133-2017
- Volume-area scaling for debris-covered glaciers A. Banerjee 10.1017/jog.2020.69
- Exponentially decreasing erosion rates protect the high-elevation crests of the Himalaya A. Banerjee & B. Wani 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.001
- Mass balance and surface evolution of the debris-covered Miage Glacier, 1990–2018 A. Stefaniak et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107474
- Debris Cover Limits Subglacial Erosion and Promotes Till Accumulation I. Delaney & L. Anderson 10.1029/2022GL099049
- Contrasting Changes of Debris-Free Glacier and Debris-Covered Glacier in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau C. Zhao et al. 10.3390/rs16050918
- Controls on the relative melt rates of debris-covered glacier surfaces E. Miles et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac6966
- Modelling debris transport within glaciers by advection in a full-Stokes ice flow model A. Wirbel et al. 10.5194/tc-12-189-2018
- A new model of rock glacier dynamics J. Knight 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.05.008
- The sensitivity and evolutionary trajectory of the mountain cryosphere: Implications for mountain geomorphic systems and hazards J. Knight & S. Harrison 10.1002/ldr.4630
- Reversed Surface-Mass-Balance Gradients on Himalayan Debris-Covered Glaciers Inferred from Remote Sensing R. Bisset et al. 10.3390/rs12101563
- Seasonal Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on Baltoro Glacier From 2016 to 2020 A. Wendleder et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.725394
- Understanding the spatial distribution and plausible genesis of supraglacial debris over the Himalaya-Karakoram region M. Srigyan et al. 10.1080/02723646.2023.2202934
- The origin and collapse of rock glaciers during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial: A new study case from the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain) J. Santos-González et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108112
- Estimating surface mass balance patterns from unoccupied aerial vehicle measurements in the ablation area of the Morteratsch–Pers glacier complex (Switzerland) L. Van Tricht et al. 10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021
- Thickness estimation of supraglacial debris above ice cliff exposures using a high-resolution digital surface model derived from terrestrial photography L. NICHOLSON & J. MERTES 10.1017/jog.2017.68
- Last-glacial-cycle glacier erosion potential in the Alps J. Seguinot & I. Delaney 10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021
- Glaciological and meteorological investigations of an Alpine debris-covered glacier: the case study of Amola Glacier (Italy) D. Fugazza et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104008
- Supraglacial debris thickness and supply rate in High-Mountain Asia M. McCarthy et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00588-2
- An integrated deep learning and object-based image analysis approach for mapping debris-covered glaciers D. Thomas et al. 10.3389/frsen.2023.1161530
- Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier P. Kraaijenbrink et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013
- Stability of supraglacial debris P. Moore 10.1002/esp.4244
- The Causes of Debris-Covered Glacier Thinning: Evidence for the Importance of Ice Dynamics From Kennicott Glacier, Alaska L. Anderson et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.680995
- Interpreting exposure ages from ice‐cored moraines: a Neoglacial case study on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada S. Crump et al. 10.1002/jqs.2979
- Temporal evolution of headwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in the medial moraines of Glacier d'Otemma, Switzerland K. Wetterauer et al. 10.1002/esp.5386
- A glacier in transition: Surface elevation change, ELA and geomorphic evolution of a very small glacier in the Dolomites (S-E Alps) A. Securo et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108956
- Interpretation of Volume and Flux Changes of the Laurichard Rock Glacier Between 1952 and 2019, French Alps D. Cusicanqui et al. 10.1029/2021JF006161
- Modelling the evolution of Djankuat Glacier, North Caucasus, from 1752 until 2100 CE Y. Verhaegen et al. 10.5194/tc-14-4039-2020
- Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age E. Lee et al. 10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8
- The state of rock debris covering Earth’s glaciers S. Herreid & F. Pellicciotti 10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0
- Morphometric evolution of Everest region debris-covered glaciers O. King et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107422
- Glaciation of alpine valleys: The glacier – debris-covered glacier – rock glacier continuum R. Anderson et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.015
- Spatially heterogeneous glacier elevation change in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya, India derived using ASTER DEMs S. Das et al. 10.1080/10106049.2022.2136254
- Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris-covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA P. Moore et al. 10.1080/15230430.2019.1582269
- The Role of Differential Ablation and Dynamic Detachment in Driving Accelerating Mass Loss From a Debris‐Covered Himalayan Glacier A. Rowan et al. 10.1029/2020JF005761
- The Challenge of Non-Stationary Feedbacks in Modeling the Response of Debris-Covered Glaciers to Climate Forcing L. Nicholson et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.662695
- Numerical Simulation of Supraglacial Debris Mobility: Implications for Ablation and Landform Genesis P. Moore 10.3389/feart.2021.710131
- Debris-covered glacier systems and associated glacial lake outburst flood hazards: challenges and prospects A. Racoviteanu et al. 10.1144/jgs2021-084
- Estimation of ice ablation on a debris-covered glacier from vertical debris-temperature profiles S. Laha et al. 10.1017/jog.2022.35
- Unravelling the evolution of Zmuttgletscher and its debris cover since the end of the Little Ice Age N. Mölg et al. 10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019
- Continuous borehole optical televiewing reveals variable englacial debris concentrations at Khumbu Glacier, Nepal K. Miles et al. 10.1038/s43247-020-00070-x
- Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates L. Anderson et al. 10.5194/tc-15-265-2021
- Temporal variations in supraglacial debris distribution on Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram between 2001 and 2012 M. Gibson et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.012
- Late Glacial deglaciation of the Zackenberg area, NE Greenland J. Garcia-Oteyza et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108125
- A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges N. Mölg et al. 10.5194/essd-10-1807-2018
- Debris Emergence Elevations and Glacier Change J. Shea et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.709957
- Field-based research directions for investigating the interior of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers K. Miles et al. 10.1017/aog.2023.21
- Contrasting geometric and dynamic evolution of lake and land-terminating glaciers in the central Himalaya O. King et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.006
- Structure from motion used to revive archived aerial photographs for geomorphological analysis: an example from Mount Meager volcano, British Columbia, Canada G. Roberti et al. 10.1139/cjes-2020-0140
- Origins of the divergent evolution of mountain glaciers during deglaciation: Hofsdalur cirques, Northern Iceland L. Tanarro et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107248
- Morphology and evolution of supraglacial hummocks on debris‐covered Himalayan glaciers O. Bartlett et al. 10.1002/esp.5043
- Meteorological impacts of a novel debris‐covered glacier category in a regional climate model across a Himalayan catchment E. Potter et al. 10.1002/asl.1018
- Evolution of the sparse debris cover during the ablation season at two small Alpine glaciers (Gran Zebrù and Sforzellina, Ortles-Cevedale group) G. Tarca & M. Guglielmin 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108268
- A billion or more years of possible periglacial/glacial cycling in Protonilus Mensae, Mars R. Soare et al. 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115115
- Understanding Complex Debris-Covered Glaciers: Concepts, Issues, and Research Directions D. Huo et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.652279
- Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers J. Ferguson & A. Vieli 10.5194/tc-15-3377-2021
- Seasonal Cold-Wave Propagation Into the Near-Surface Ice of Debris-Covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal K. Miles et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.715129
- Modelling supraglacial debris-cover evolution from the single-glacier to the regional scale: an application to High Mountain Asia L. Compagno et al. 10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022
- Production and Transport of Supraglacial Debris: Insights From Cosmogenic 10Be and Numerical Modeling, Chhota Shigri Glacier, Indian Himalaya D. Scherler & D. Egholm 10.1029/2020JF005586
- Elevation Change Rates of Glaciers in the Lahaul-Spiti (Western Himalaya, India) during 2000–2012 and 2012–2013 S. Vijay & M. Braun 10.3390/rs8121038
- Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris‐Covered Glaciers From Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling M. Kneib et al. 10.1029/2021JF006179
- Estimation of the total sub-debris ablation from point-scale ablation data on a debris-covered glacier S. Shah et al. 10.1017/jog.2019.48
- Thinning and surface mass balance patterns of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau C. Zhao et al. 10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023
- Modeling the feedbacks between surface ablation and morphological variations on debris-covered Baltoro Glacier in the central Karakoram D. Huo et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107840
- Modeling Surface Processes on Debris-Covered Glaciers: A Review with Reference to the High Mountain Asia D. Huo et al. 10.3390/w13010101
- On the influence of debris cover on glacier morphology: How high-relief structures evolve from smooth surfaces N. Mölg et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107092
- Geyik Dağı Güncel Buzulları ve Morfometrik Özeliklleri F. KESERCİ et al. 10.17211/tcd.1395806
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Short summary
Mountains erode and shed rocks down slope. When these rocks (debris) fall on glacier ice they can suppress ice melt. By protecting glaciers from melt, debris can make glaciers extend to lower elevations. Using mathematical models of glaciers and debris deposition, we find that debris can more than double the length of glaciers. The amount of debris deposited on the glacier, which scales with mountain height and steepness, is the most important control on debris-covered glacier length and volume.
Mountains erode and shed rocks down slope. When these rocks (debris) fall on glacier ice they...