the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Greenland and Canadian Arctic ice temperature profiles
Kenneth Mankoff
Christian Zdanowicz
Gary D. Clow
Martin P. Lüthi
Samuel Doyle
Henrik Thomsen
David Fisher
Joel Harper
Andy Aschwanden
Bo M. Vinther
Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
Harry Zekollari
Toby Meierbachtol
Ian McDowell
Neil Humphrey
Anne Solgaard
Nanna B. Karlsson
Shfaqat Abbas Khan
Benjamin Hills
Robert Law
Bryn Hubbard
Poul Christoffersen
Mylène Jacquemart
Robert S. Fausto
William T. Colgan
Abstract. Here, we present a compilation of 85 ice temperature profiles from 79 boreholes from the Greenland Ice Sheet and peripheral ice caps, as well as local ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Only 25 profiles (32 %) were previously available in open-access data repositories. The remaining 54 profiles (68 %) are being made digitally available here for the first time. These newly available profiles, which are associated with pre-2010 boreholes, have been submitted by community members or digitized from published graphics and/or data tables. All 85 profiles are now made available in both absolute (meters) and normalized (0 to 1 ice thickness) depth scales, and are accompanied by extensive metadata. This metadata includes a transparent description of data provenance. The ice temperature profiles span 70 years, with the earliest profile being from 1950 at Camp VI, West Greenland. To highlight the value of this database in evaluating ice flow simulations, we compare the ice temperature profiles from the Greenland Ice Sheet with an ice flow simulation by the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). We find a cold bias in modeled near-surface ice temperatures within the ablation area, a warm bias in modeled basal ice temperatures at inland cold-bedded sites, and an apparent underestimation of deformational heating in high-strain settings. These biases provide process-level insight on simulated ice temperatures.
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Anja Løkkegaard et al.
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on tc-2022-138', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Oct 2022
In the manuscript, 85 ice temperature profiles from Greenland and Canadian Arctic are collected and compiled into a coherent database, of which 68% are digitally available for the first time. In addition, 56 observed temperature profiles from Greenland ice sheet are compared with the PISM simulation of Aschwanden et al. (2016) to identify the possible heat source for misfit of observed and modeled temperature profile. The established database provides a good date source for science community to understand the thermal state of Greenland ice sheet and local ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Generally, the manuscript is well written and can be accepted after addressing the following questions.
(1) In Table 1, four measurement methods are presented. However, the digital sensor string and thermistor string are not mentioned in the text. It is better to explain more details of the two measurement methods.
(2) In Figure 1, the drill site location in the green box is not shown in Figure 1A. It is better to show the Jakobshavn glacier.
(3) Line 95: Please check the ice thickness in Tuto_D-11 borehole, it looks from the Figure 2 that the ice sheet thickness is 200 ft, which is about 61 m.
(4) In the database, it is better to presented the temperature measurement methods (e.g., type and accuracy of temperature sensors) and depth measurement methods (e.g., type and accuracy of encoder) for the readers to evaluate the uncertainty of data source.
(5) Line 210-220: the paper of V. Zagorodnov et al. presented more detailed disturbance uncertainty of mechanical drill and some discussion can be included in the manuscript.
(Zagorodnov, V., Nagornov, O., Scambos, T. A., Muto, A., Mosley-Thompson, E., Pettit, E. C., & Tyuflin, S. (2012). Borehole temperatures reveal details of 20th century warming at Bruce Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula. The Cryosphere, 6(3), 675-686.)
(6) Section 6: Please provide more details how the author determined surface mass balance regime, the basal thermal state regime and ice dynamic regime. A table with accumulation/ ablation rate, basal temperature and strain rate is preferred.
In addition, some technical errors should be corrected.
(1) Line 15: “the thermal state of the sheet” should be “the thermal state of the ice sheet”.
(2) Line 20: “thermo-mechanical” or “thermodynamic” or “thermomechanical”? Descriptions should be consistent throughout the manuscript.
(3) Line 25: Please check the sentence “borehole logging where a temperature sensor is moved up or down the borehole measuring either “continuously” as the probe moves down”. Borehole logger is used only when moves down? or, it can be used when moving down or up.
(4) Line 25: “fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing”, “Fiber optic distributed sensing string”? The hyphenation between fiber and optic should be consistent throughout the manuscript.
(5) Figure 1: The units of Celsius should have the same format throughout the paper.
(6) Section 4: There are two “Figure 1” in the first sentence of the section.
(7) Line220 and 230: “hot-water-drilled borehole” or “hot-water drilled borehole”? The style should be consistent throughout the manuscript. I think it should be “hot-water drilled borehole”.
(8) Table 4: The caption of the table 4 is the same as the table 3.
(9) The style of the references should be consistent, for example, the first letter of each word in the title of references should be lowercase. Please carefully check your references.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Anja Løkkegaard, 13 Dec 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on tc-2022-138', Brice Van Liefferinge, 20 Oct 2022
This paper represents a large amount of work as the authors put together 85 temperature data sets from 79 ice core locations. They made it readable, comparable and usable for the community (FAIR). We should recognize the great value of such an effort. The paper itself is well written and I have only a few recommandations, in particular for section 6 (see attachment), which could be a bit more explicit in terms of key parameters, ... (right now, it reads a little as if it were there to avoid writing a data paper, which would be fine too). An important question that I have is about the interpolation that you applied to obtain the regular vertical temperature-depth profiles. This need to be clearly explained (see attachment). The figures are in general clear but I have some recommandations, especially for figure 3 (see attachment).
The xlsx file is for me unnecessary as the dataverse and github repository are well defined and clear. I would like to emphasize the quality of the open data sets shared with this publication.
I recommend this manuscript for publication after minor edits.
Specific comments to address are detailed in the attached pdf.
Brice Van Liefferinge
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Anja Løkkegaard, 13 Dec 2022
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on tc-2022-138', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Oct 2022
In the manuscript, 85 ice temperature profiles from Greenland and Canadian Arctic are collected and compiled into a coherent database, of which 68% are digitally available for the first time. In addition, 56 observed temperature profiles from Greenland ice sheet are compared with the PISM simulation of Aschwanden et al. (2016) to identify the possible heat source for misfit of observed and modeled temperature profile. The established database provides a good date source for science community to understand the thermal state of Greenland ice sheet and local ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Generally, the manuscript is well written and can be accepted after addressing the following questions.
(1) In Table 1, four measurement methods are presented. However, the digital sensor string and thermistor string are not mentioned in the text. It is better to explain more details of the two measurement methods.
(2) In Figure 1, the drill site location in the green box is not shown in Figure 1A. It is better to show the Jakobshavn glacier.
(3) Line 95: Please check the ice thickness in Tuto_D-11 borehole, it looks from the Figure 2 that the ice sheet thickness is 200 ft, which is about 61 m.
(4) In the database, it is better to presented the temperature measurement methods (e.g., type and accuracy of temperature sensors) and depth measurement methods (e.g., type and accuracy of encoder) for the readers to evaluate the uncertainty of data source.
(5) Line 210-220: the paper of V. Zagorodnov et al. presented more detailed disturbance uncertainty of mechanical drill and some discussion can be included in the manuscript.
(Zagorodnov, V., Nagornov, O., Scambos, T. A., Muto, A., Mosley-Thompson, E., Pettit, E. C., & Tyuflin, S. (2012). Borehole temperatures reveal details of 20th century warming at Bruce Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula. The Cryosphere, 6(3), 675-686.)
(6) Section 6: Please provide more details how the author determined surface mass balance regime, the basal thermal state regime and ice dynamic regime. A table with accumulation/ ablation rate, basal temperature and strain rate is preferred.
In addition, some technical errors should be corrected.
(1) Line 15: “the thermal state of the sheet” should be “the thermal state of the ice sheet”.
(2) Line 20: “thermo-mechanical” or “thermodynamic” or “thermomechanical”? Descriptions should be consistent throughout the manuscript.
(3) Line 25: Please check the sentence “borehole logging where a temperature sensor is moved up or down the borehole measuring either “continuously” as the probe moves down”. Borehole logger is used only when moves down? or, it can be used when moving down or up.
(4) Line 25: “fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing”, “Fiber optic distributed sensing string”? The hyphenation between fiber and optic should be consistent throughout the manuscript.
(5) Figure 1: The units of Celsius should have the same format throughout the paper.
(6) Section 4: There are two “Figure 1” in the first sentence of the section.
(7) Line220 and 230: “hot-water-drilled borehole” or “hot-water drilled borehole”? The style should be consistent throughout the manuscript. I think it should be “hot-water drilled borehole”.
(8) Table 4: The caption of the table 4 is the same as the table 3.
(9) The style of the references should be consistent, for example, the first letter of each word in the title of references should be lowercase. Please carefully check your references.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Anja Løkkegaard, 13 Dec 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on tc-2022-138', Brice Van Liefferinge, 20 Oct 2022
This paper represents a large amount of work as the authors put together 85 temperature data sets from 79 ice core locations. They made it readable, comparable and usable for the community (FAIR). We should recognize the great value of such an effort. The paper itself is well written and I have only a few recommandations, in particular for section 6 (see attachment), which could be a bit more explicit in terms of key parameters, ... (right now, it reads a little as if it were there to avoid writing a data paper, which would be fine too). An important question that I have is about the interpolation that you applied to obtain the regular vertical temperature-depth profiles. This need to be clearly explained (see attachment). The figures are in general clear but I have some recommandations, especially for figure 3 (see attachment).
The xlsx file is for me unnecessary as the dataverse and github repository are well defined and clear. I would like to emphasize the quality of the open data sets shared with this publication.
I recommend this manuscript for publication after minor edits.
Specific comments to address are detailed in the attached pdf.
Brice Van Liefferinge
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Anja Løkkegaard, 13 Dec 2022
Anja Løkkegaard et al.
Data sets
Greenland deep ice temperature database, github Kenneth Mankoff https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/greenland_ice_borehole_temperature_profiles
Greenland deep ice temperature database, Dataverse Kenneth Mankoff, Anja Løkkegaard, Christian Zdanowicz, Gary D. Clow, Martin P. Lüthi, Samuel Doyle, Henrik Thomsen, David Fisher, Joel Harper, Andy Aschwanden, Bo M. Vinther, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Harry Zekollari, Toby Meierbachtol, Ian McDowell, Neil Humphrey, Anne Solgaard, Nanna B. Karlsson, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Benjamin Hills, Robert Law, Bryn Hubbard, Poul Christoffersen, Mylène Jacquemart, Robert S. Fausto, and William T. Colgan https://dataverse.geus.dk/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.22008/FK2/3BVF9V
Anja Løkkegaard et al.
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